In matters of the Heathen Brother Martin MackÕs Diary of his journey to and stay in Shamokin, Sept./Oct./November 1745 Diary of Sept. 13, novum stylum 1745 Brother MackÕs journey to Shamokin.1 On the 13th we readied ourselves to depart from Michael SchŸfferÕs. Our travel companions, Anderros2 and his wifeÕs child came from Conrad WeiserÕs. They brought me post and a letter in which he wished us much luck on our journey. Michael SchŸffer provided us with a few necessities for our journey. We departed. We had our horses shoed at Christoph WeiserÕs. The people were very friendly. We travelled for a few miles and there we stayed overnight. [Anderius had purchased 6 gallons of brandy, which he brought along.] 3 On the 14th [September] We travelled to the second Blue Mountain4 and stayed there overnight. We thought a great deal about our dear Bethlehem and especially about the blessed hours that we have there. We asked the Lamb with many tears that he should maintain the blessed connection between us and the dear Gemeine that neither through flesh or thirst we lose our or be distracted from a feeling of blessedness. On the 15th [September] We went over the ThŸrnstein.5 This day we came quite a distance. Were happy and well. The blessed life that we have enjoyed among you once again cost us a few tears. But we went to Shomokin with our whole hearts and could lay the Indians there at the heart of the Lamb, so that He could open up the doors to his heart there also. On the 16th [September] We reached Shamokin. I asked Anderius whether he had thought about where my wife and I could stay. He said, he did not know himself. He had a very small hut. I asked him whether it would be all right if I built a small hut next to his. He said it would be hard to build a hut at this time of year as there was no more bark.6 It was too late in the year. He said that Conrad Weiser had already said to him that he would prefer it if they could live more with him than with Shikellamy. We went with him to his house. He lived on the island. 7 We arrived there in the evening. The old mother8 was very happy that we had come to visit her and she made a little room for us immediately in her hut. Anderius asked whether we could manage with this as his hut was so very small. We accepted it with much thanks, even though it was very small. On the 17th [September] We stayed at home. Anderius went to visit his in-laws. The old woman told my wife that her son had told her much about Bethlehem and that there were such good people there. She thought that if she could go there too and die there then she would die in a blessed state. She also asked what kind of Indians were in Bethlehem and whether there were any of the Delaware there who would have loved us. My wife told her much of what the Savior had already done for the Delaware who were already in Bethlehem and how they praised the Savior with many tears that He had opened their eyes and had given them some of the Blood in their hearts. The old mother lamented greatly that everything here is still so dead and that they know nothing expect drinking and dancing. Anna [Mack] explained to her how it is that the people still were forced to behave this way, because they did not believe in the Lord Jesus, and this was only the fruit of that. In the evening there was a great uproar because almost everyone who lived around here was drunk. Some even came into our hut who looked quite frightful and bellowed like cattle. The old mother gathered everything up and hid it in the bushes. We commended ourselves to the Lamb and to his eternal angels that they might keep watch over us and protect us. On the 18th [September] We went visiting9 across the water.10 We also visited Shikellamy. He was very friendly and also his sons welcomed us well, led us into his house, but we were there for hardly a quarter of an hour when 4 drunken Indians came. We then left for the island again. Visited a few more huts. Anna found a goodly woman who was well suited to the ways of God. We went home again. The old mother was very concerned for us that she had not been able to cook anything the whole day because of the drunken Indians. At night there was once again a great uproar of shrieking and shooting all around. Anderius said he had to leave again. It seemed as though someone had been hacked or shot to death. Martin and Anna held a Singstunde and prayed to the Lamb in many tears that he should watch over us and guide the wrath of the enemy.11 Satan was rumbling greatly because he feared that his realm would become divided. On the 19th [September] We stayed at home because almost everyone was drunk. We prayed to the Lamb because our plan for the time being is this: pray, weep, think that we will be grasped by a new courage that the Lamb will show himself even here with his holy wounds that were made in him fort his people. The enemy is concerned with scaring us away and to make us disbelievers. But we know that we are doing this not on our own account but rather rely on the blood of the Lamb and the prayers of the Gemeine. We know well who we are. Poor children who can do nothing and want to do nothing if the Lamb is not our strength. In the evening we held a blessed Singstunde. Today several kin of the old mother came. Her sisterÕs child and the legal mother of Catharina.12 She is a white woman who has an Indian as a husband. They had come almost 400 miles. They live over 200 miles beyond the Allegheny. 13 They are going to Philadelphia with deerskins. They have almost 20 laden horses and are very friendly. The woman, she spoke some English and lived not far from the Cherokees--but it is in New France. 14 On the 20th [September] Today Anna fell very ill. Her aches started with fever and sharp pains. It affected her greatly. She had complained for a few days that she was very tired, but she did not know what was wrong until it started this morning with her having to lie down suddenly and sometimes she felt as though her throat would cut off her heart. We commended ourselves to the Lamb, and told him, that he should give us the great strength that we needed for this task, because we had come here for his sake and furthermore wanted to stay here as long as it pleased him and his community of the cross. In the evening I had the opportunity to speak with Anderius and to tell him something of the loving heart of Jesus and how it was disposed towards such poor people as us, here in Shamokin. And how it wants to help and save whoever wants to be helped and saved because everything that reveals itself here among the Indians like gluttony, drunkenness, whoring, stealing, murder, and lies, all this is only the fruit of not believing in Jesus Christ, who died in order that these things will be removed. And whoever does not believe in him, he has to do these things whether he wants to or not, because sin holds sway over him. On the 21st [September] I went visiting and had the opportunity to speak in a hut where many were gathered together about the reason we had come here. The Lamb revealed himself so that I was able to speak joyfully about his great love. In the evening Anna started to shiver greatly and had fever until morning. On the 22nd [September] Her sickness continued. She became very weak. We could do nothing but commend ourselves to the Lamb who knows our circumstances here. In the evening we prayed together. The Lamb, he heard us. We were very blessed among ourselves, and thanked the Lamb with subdued heart that we are his sinners and he has accepted us with grace. Oh, we would be so downcast if we could not speak from the bottom of our hearts in similar circumstances about the LambÕs blood, oh that would make our lives so hard. Anna tried to add that nothing was certain. Òbut you, Lamb, my Lamb, if I were to pass awayÉÓ 15 That caused us to shed some tears and we had blessed hours filled with tears. We thought a great deal about our blessed people in Bethlehem and what we had enjoyed there, and believed with our whole hearts that they would remain in consideration of the Lamb. On the 23rd [September] In the morning two drunken Indians came into our hut. They had been making some noise for a couple of hours. Anna was very exhausted, had a high fever and shivering in her limbs. In the night the shivering decreased somewhat. We thanked the Lamb with many tears that he had heard the prayers of his children. On the 24th [September] Anna started to get better. Our hearts were knelt in prayer because the Lamb showed grace to us and we feel that he is close to our hearts. Found many blessings in his safekeeping. On the 25th [September] Anna is getting better and better. Today a Presbyterian came to visit us. His name is Brauer.16 He is very friendly. He came to visit the Indians and to preach to them. He complains much about them, that they are such bad people and that they are drunk most of the time. He said that he could never get them together to preach a few words to them about God.17 He soon would not know how to proceed. He is staying with Shikellamy. Was already here once in the spring. On Sunday, the 26th {September] Our thoughts were much with our blessed Gemeine in Bethlehem and the real opportunities18 that one has there. Martin and Anna also celebrated a small Lovefeast together during which our hearts were so close to melting that we hardly knew what was happening to us because we became so aware of the great love that the Lamb has towards his sinner-folk. We felt very well at this because we are also counted among those. We made a new covenant with each other to devour ourselves completely for the Lamb, to be in complete accord with him and his heartÕs Gemeine, to sacrifice all our strength for him who sacrificed himself for us. In the afternoon I wrote a letter to Brother Joseph19 and reported our circumstances. In the evening I spoke with Anderius about the matter of my living in his house, because he was considering leaving tomorrow for Philadelphia. I asked him whether I could continue living in his hut with my wife and the old mother until he returned. He said we were welcome to live in his hut as long as we wanted to. It was a very bad hut. But if we could stand having so little room in it then it was fine with him. We thanked him greatly for this and said that we were very happy with it and it was more comfortable for us in his hut than if we lived in the most beautiful house in Philadelphia.20 He was very pleased that we were so happy in his hut. In the evening Martin and Anna were blessed and happy and thankful to our dear Lamb and especially for his fatherly loyalty and for his care for his poor sinners. We could thank him from our whole hearts, also for this little place, and asked him that he should reward this house and let the people feel that we are a blessing to them. We commended them and ourselves to the Lamb in a heartfelt prayer. On the 27th [September] Anderius left early with his friends to go to Philadelphia. Mr Brainerd came to visit us again. Anna got better and better. The Lamb will soon giver her enough strength that we can go visiting again. On the 28th [September] Today Martin went across the water to visit a few huts. He found a few people to be very friendly. On the 29th [September] We helped our people to harvest their corn. In the evening we held a blessed Singstunde with each other in English, German and Mohican. We also thanked the Lamb with prostrated hearts that he had been among us until now and that his wounds pleased us much in our hearts. On the 30th [September] We helped our people once more with their corn. Today Martin and Anna went visiting with each other for the first time again. They could do nothing but thank the Lamb that he had heard them with such grace. On the 1st [October] We were once again the housekeepers of our people. On the 2nd [October] We thought a lot about our dear Bethlehem. We were deeply contented and had a special feeling about their opportunities.21 The dear Lamb allowed us to enjoy them with them. Today, Anna also had the opportunity to speak with an Indian woman about the great love of our Lamb towards the poor people. We were able to ask on her behalf that these words would be a blessing to her heart. On Sunday the 3rd [October] Once again we visited a few huts on the island and found that the people were very friendly to us. On the 4th [October] Once again we went visiting across the water. Many knew us there, especially the wife of the king from three years ago. 22 The king23 welcomed us also and had food brought to us soon. We found many Indians who received us lovingly into their huts. We told them that we loved them and that was the reason why we had come here to visit them again. They marvelled that we would make such a long journey out of love, we could say nothing more than to pray for them, that the Lamb might open their eyes and show them by the power of the Holy Spirit was they were lacking. There were many Indians there! However, we felt in our hearts that we could say nothing more to them because we felt as though it would be pointless. We believed in our hearts though that the time would come when the wounds of the Lamb would be preached openly here also. In the evening we felt completely contented. Our hearts overflowed with tears at the LambÕs close proximity. We could pray from our hearts and know that the Lamb would show himself soon. In the evening we discussed what we might be lacking, that we are sometimes so fearful, that we felt as though something is pressing us down, that something heavy is on our hearts, found nothing but the fact that we would like to have brothers and sisters from these people here in Shamokin. We need a little Gemeine; leaving us here alone among so many Indians is very hard for us. May the Lamb soon hear the sighs and petitions of his Gemeine and give our hearts joy even among this still very wild people.24 On the 5th [October] We wanted to go to the other side of the island because Indians live on both sides of the island but could not cross the water because we could not find a canoe. The canoes were all on the other side. We called for about two hours but they did not come to fetch us. We went home and prayed for them. On the 6th and 7th [October] We stayed at home and helped our people harvest corn. The Indians had a big celebration all together. It was all quite merry according to their customs. On the 8th [October] In the morning we went on to the other side because we had the opportunity. We prayed to the Lamb that he should also allow this visit to be blessed so that we can invite the souls that are inclined to him. We visited everyone. The Delawares welcomed us into almost all the huts in a friendly fashion, but in all the huts asked us when we were thinking of going away again. In one hut, where there was a man and a woman, we had the opportunity to testify about our Lamb, about the great love that he has to us poor people. He loved us so much that he gave up his life for us. We were very happy with these two people. They listened carefully. People like them we have not found here yet. Oh how happy were our hearts and thought perhaps these are the first ones. They are smiling to the Lamb in his heart. They show much love. We told them also about our Indians in Shekomeko,25 and how they thanked the Savior with tears that he had transformed their hearts and opened their eyes and that they no longer thought the way they had before but now could be blessed through the belief in Jesus and could be happy in their hearts that they knew God who also died for such bad Indians as them and through his death had wrought in us new life. We asked them whether they had understood us correctly. They both said, yes. They had understood us. We said we wanted to visit them more often. The man said he would like it if we visited them more often. But tomorrow he was intending to go off hunting and would not be home for another 3 months. Our hearts wanted to pray and weep for them. We said goodbye to them, asked them not to forget what we had said to them. We went to visit the other huts before evening and then it was evening. So we went home again and thanked the Lamb for this visit and in a childlike manner asked that his spirit might make the words that we had spoken to the Indians today clear and true in their hearts. Saturday, the 9th [October] We were at home and helped our people with their work. In the evening five canoes full of Indians who are going into war passed by here. They were from the Delawares who live on Moncleir Bank26 and near Wyoming. One came into our hut and boasted and said that tomorrow he was again going into war against the Flatheads. 27 On the 11th [October] We went visiting again across the water but found no-one at home except the old king [Sasoonan]. He said they had all gone to the other side and had left him quite alone. He wanted to give us something to eat. But he had nothing at the moment. The thanked him greatly for his kindness. He was very friendly. Complained that he could not hear. Otherwise he would love to listen to us. We should and visit some others and talk to them. He also told us that a few days ago he had been very drunk28 and had fallen into the fire and had burnt all the flesh off his hand and was now in great pain. We pitied him greatly. In the evening we were very distressed over some circumstances in our house. Could do nothing but lay ourselves before the heart of the Lamb with many tears. We had feared for a while that the enemy would start something on the other side because he hates the fact that we should live among the Indians and so he tries in all ways to show us how he would like to be rid of us, because we are a thorn in his eye. We notice this often. May the Lamb help us through and by means of the Holy Spirit logically let these people know that we are a blessed people and that we are among them for no other reason than for the sake of their souls. On the 12th [October] We went visiting again across the water. We visited the Tutelo and the Delaware. The former were very frivolous and acted in a very haughty fashion. We could do no more for them than to sigh to the Lamb for them. The DelawaresÑsome were very friendly and some were busy playing cards and had no time to look up at us. We also found no opportunity to teach them anything else and even if we had had the opportunity it would not have come to anything. And so we were quiet and prayed to the Lamb with heartfelt tears that he should not leave us alone for so long but rather make us joyful among these people also because they are also the reward of his pains just as much as we are. On the 13th [October] We went visiting again across the water but found only a few at home. We visited on the island and found an opportunity to speak with a Delaware man about the love of God and how he so loved us that he gave up his life for us, that we were no longer permitted to be slaves to sin if we believed in him, and that we could be blessed already here, and that when we died so we should not be afraid of death but rather feel joy in our hearts because we knew that we were going to our dear Lord where we could be blessed in eternity because he had accepted us as his children. I asked him whether he would not consider it good fortune if a great king were to accept him as a child. He said, yes. He would be very happy about this. Thereupon I said that the great God who made heaven and earth and who is Lord over all the Kings of the world and over all people, he loved us so much that he came down to earth for us and let it be known that he wanted to free all people from the slavery of sin and the devil. Whosoever believed in him, this person he wanted to make his child, to his inheritor and this he preached and after this he was ceremoniously slaughtered and had definitely shed his blood and thereby he had given us a power. And now it just depended on whether we believed in him, accepted him as our God and then he would accept us as his children and would give us eternal happiness. And if we believed in him so then he would give all who sought him a clear and revealed heart and then we would rejoice that he is our God and we are his children, and then we thanked him that he had opened our eyes and hearts so that we could see what we have in him. The Indian was very attentive. He understands English well. We then returned home and commended him to the Lamb and prayed for him to the Lamb. He was surprised that we stayed among them for so long. I told him that there was no other reason than to teach them about the love of God. On the 14th [October] We stayed at home. We helped our people to shell beans [Bohnen brechen]. We were both very happy and content because we know who we areÑsinners who live from his bounty. If that were not the case then we would become scared and afraid. But thank the Lord that we have a Lamb with a quiet ear who always hears us. On the 15th [October] We visited a sick woman. She was very kind. We told her something about our dear God who bled to death on the Cross. On the 16th [October] I went visiting across the water but could do nothing more because everyone was drunk. Several I was visiting wanted to force me to drink but I thanked them and got away. Several looked quite fierce and bloody. I went home again. In the evening we had a Singstunde and with many tears laid all our concerns before the Lamb and his heart, especially about our house and the conditions here that for a while have been weighing on us. AnderiusÕ wife left today also. Was not in a good mood. We donÕt actually know the cause. On the 17th [October] Sunday We thought a great deal about our dear Bethlehem and about the blessed hours that are enjoyed there. The Lamb shared some of this with us. We felt how closely we are joined to you and how our hearts partake in your blessings and your love that the Lamb shares with us. Anna visited a sick woman today again and had a good opportunity to talk with her about the Savior. She listened to her closely. I have spoken to her several times. We asked the Lamb to let this woman see for herself this week through his spirit. The old woman in the house in which we are living was very worried today that Anderius has been absent for so long. She said the most of them must have starved because they have had no bison meat29 for almost 4 weeks. Every day nothing but corn. She asked us if we could stand it, eating nothing but corn. We said that we were quite happy with that; we had not come here for the good food. We had not imagined anything better. We were grateful to dear God, who allows the corn to flourish. We had actually come here for the sake of the souls, to tell them about how our dear Lord and God wants to free people from slavery to sin in which they lie by virtue of nature and do not know it because Satan, the God of this world, has blinded them. We told her much about our purpose for coming here. On the 18th [October] We visited the kingÕs house across the water. He was friendly, immediately gave us something to eat from his bowl. Otherwise there were very few at home. On the 19th [October] We crossed the water to ShikellamyÕs. On the way we met an Indian with his wife who knew both of us very well because we had visited them a few times. The man was going to visit his wife on the Island. He had a few little loaves of bread made with corn in a little bag. His wife said to him, give the two people some of the bread. They are probably hungry. The man sat down right away and took the biggest out of his bag and gave it to us with great pleasure. We took it with great thanks. The two people love us. We have spoken with them several times. We then continued on into the town and were there for hardly ? of an hour when three drunken Indians came along who all had bloody heads. Also soon heard that most of them were drunk and all looked very bloodthirsty. Much evil there. We soon went back home. In the evening two canoes full of Indians came by that were going to war.30 They came from Canadian lands. In the night AnderiusÕ brother arrived here. 31 He lives in Canada and wanted to see his brother for once. He is also going to war. He left early though because Anderius was not at home and the company that he is in did not want to wait. In the afternoon Anderius returned from Philadelphia. He was very friendly. He told us that he had spoken to Brother Joseph32 in Philadelphia. He also had a few letters fro us. But unfortunately he did not have them here but they would arrive with his company either tomorrow or the day after. He was quite upset about conditions in his house, especially because his wife had gone away and left us alone. He asked us whether we knew why she had left. We said that she had told us nothing more than she wanted to visit her mother who lived over 80 miles from here.33 On the 21st [October] Anderius left again. He said he wanted to see if he could still catch up with his brother. He had never seen him in his life and he was his full brother. They were from the same birth mother. He went by way of Ostonwakin. 34 There he met his wife who told him that his brother had already left. We prayed to the dear Savior with many tears that he should protect Anderius and guide his heart that he not leave because of circumstances, and that he become a comrade to us rather he should show him that we are here out of love for the poor Indians. On the 22nd [October] AnderiusÕs company arrived here. We very much desired the letters and they gave them to us quickly. The woman was very friendly and could not stop telling us how she had been welcomed in Philadelphia with such love and especially that the women there had kissed her. She said it really touched her heart. She said that no white people had ever greeted her like that before. She also brought us some provisions from our brethren in Tulpehocken, for which we thanked her in a heartfelt fashion, as we said. The care of the Savior for his children was once again great in our hearts. As the dear Savior said to his disciples, have you ever wanted for anything, we must say, no Lord, never for one thing. He always cares for us. We are happy when we see how loyal the dear Savior is to us and maintains his fatherÕs heart towards us. Even here in this place he has shown us a few things and has preserved our lives as full of grace and mercifully, as full of loyalty as he intends with his children. We savored the letters.35 Strengthen us anew in our Plan because the SaviorÕs heart and the heart of his children refreshes us anew, reminded us how closely our hearts are bound to yours and how we walk and proceed with one spirit and heart with you and how the Lamb teaches us through the spirit that reigns in the Gemeine. Oh we bow down to the ground because the Lamb is so close to us and so merciful. On the 23rd [October] Anna visited a sick woman today and told her how the Savior likes to help sinners and wants to make them blessed in eternity, whoever wishes to accept him and then he gives it all back to them, not first through baptism or good deeds but rather he is so full of love that he gives this freely.36 The woman listened attentively. In the evening Anderius and his wife returned home. Both were very friendly, which was a great joy to us and we witnessed how the Savior listened mercifully to the prayers of our hearts and thanked him tearfully. On the 24th [October, Sunday] We went visiting the Delawares across the water. They were celebrating. Asked them if they minded if we stayed here. They said that as far as they were concerned we could stay here forever. There were six men and six women present. They had cooked a whole stag and two pots/cauldrons of pumpkin and twelve loaves. They made 12 piles of meat, then put a loaf on each pile, and then distributed the pumpkin into the pots that the guests had brought. Then all twelve sat down and ate as much as they wanted. They took the rest with them. It was mostly old people. The man who gave the feast was a young man and he and his wife did not eat a bite. It all proceeded in a very orderly and modest way, and as soon as they had finished with their food, so then they thanked them in their way. They smoked three times, they pulled on the pipes slowly and then they stood up. Then one of them said, leave our friends some food, and brought us a piece of meat from his portion and also some pumpkin which we accepted gratefully. They then went home. And we visited them in their huts. We also had the opportunity to speak to an old man in JesusÕ love. Oh how happy our hearts are when we find the opportunity to speak about our Lamb because here we still have so little chance as they are all drunk most of the time. So we like it when we find someone to whom we can speak about this. Until now we have not seen any other opportunity to do anything else because it is not our way to force people but rather to seek them out in love and to wait for as long as the Savior takes to find an opportunity to do something further. There is still no way to preach openly. And if we were to do this now and wanted to do this now it would be against our plan and against the feeling in our hearts. That is why we think it is good to stay with our method and that is, to pray and shed tears and until the Savior shows us another way. The example of Mr. Brainerd, a Presbyterian minister who was here this spring and who spent much effort in gathering the Indians and preaching to them, he did gather some of them, but he did not have a good effect. He was here again this fall. They avoided him however they could. May the good Savior teach us to act wisely through his Holy Spirit, so that we do not spoil anything in his affairs. In the evening we had the opportunity to speak somewhat in our house about the reality of baptism, and what kind of notion we have of it, and that no-one can take it amiss if we do not baptize immediately, because the grace that is given in baptism is great and priceless and because the person who is being baptized should also have a feeling for it and that remains with him, wakeful in the grace of baptism, that he has received, and that we do not think that it is enough when we have baptized someone, No, we bow down before the Savior and we must justify our actions to him in such weighty matters. We also do not want to deceive people, so that they think that they are no longer judged, that it depended on something more. It depends on the fact that we believe in the Savior , because what matters is forgiveness and the one who is baptized he will become blessed. [Check manuscript] On the 25th [October] We stayed at home and presented to the LambÕs heart all our circumstances in Shamokin, and prayed to him fervently that he should soon grant us some brothers and sisters. On the 26th [October] We went visiting over the water. Few were at home. On the 27th [October] We stayed at home On the 28th [October] We went across the water to ShikellamyÕs. He was very friendly and gave us something to eat immediately. We went into the Delaware town. Wherever there was someone home they welcomed us in a friendly fashion. We told a woman and a man who love us about the love of Jesus and why he came into the world, that it happened for our sakes, and that we should be saved from slavery to sin. He wants to take us as his children, he wants to share his heavenly treasures with us, he wants to help whosoever wants to be helped. A good Savior, a loyal Savior, and dear Husband, when you know Him, you no longer think to be afraid, rather you feel like a child does towards his godfather [Pathen], he loves us, out of love he died for us and was resurrected. His heart is gladdened by nothing more than when many believe in him, when many help themselves out of sin, his blood is strong enough to liberate all Indians if they only want it. The two people were very attentive. The dear lamb wanted to announce this fervently to their hearts through prayer. On the 29th [October] We went visiting on the island. There were few at home. On the 30th [October] We were at home. The Lamb was close to us and we thought a great deal of our dear Bethlehem, especially of all those dear to our hearts. We are afraid that we have not seen anyone for so long. We had hoped to see some of our Bethlehem hearts (friends) here soon. We also thought a great deal about our dear Shekomecko.37 We laid our thoughts down at the heart of the Lamb because it is his work that he began there. On the 31st [October, Sunday] We went visiting again across the water to ShikellamyÕs house. However, most of them had gone out besides a few old people. The men are out on the hunt and many will return only in two months, some only in spring. Many of the women have left for Tulpehocken with horses to fetch liquor. We also visited Shikellamy. There were two Indians there who had come from Wyoming (Valley). They are also going on the hunt. They knew us both. One was a Shawnee, but could speak Mohican well; the other was a Mohican. The Shawnee asked us what we wanted here. The Five Nations does not want to have people teaching the Indians. You are like pigeons. When you come to a place, then it doesnÕt rest at one or two of you, rather a whole flock lands here right away. He also told Shikellamy that we were like pigeons, where one of us settled then a whole flock soon came and settled together. Shikellamy was quiet and did not answer him a single word. They soon left. Shikellamy proves himself to be very friendly to us. We then returned home. On the 1st [November] We went visiting again on the island but no one was home except for two old women and a few children. On the 2nd [November] We were at home. In the evening 12 Indians arrived here by water who are coming from Canada. They are going to war with the Cherokees. Anderius knows them, there was a friend of his among them. Anderius said these Indians had come from very far away. They came from over 400 miles further away than Onondago.38 They looked very bloodthirsty. They camped near AnderiusÕ hut. They soon prepared the place to dance. They got an empty barrel of rum. Knocked the bottom out of it and made a drum out of it. Then began according to their custom to celebrate. They shouted and danced for nearly two hours, during which time the enemy [Satan], to whom we are a thorn in his eye, was very occupied and would have loved to get rid of us. They soon got rum to drink and became so full of it that they behaved like wild animals. They were close to pulling down our hut. Just after midnight four of them came in here who look terrifying and bloodthirsty. Anderius was afraid that they wanted to do harm to us. He took them out of the hut, but an hour later another one came and acted like a madman, picked up a large brand from the fire and said he wanted to burn the white people. Anderius quickly stood up and grabbed the brand out of his hands. He [the Indian] went for his flintlock. Anderius however also took that away from him. He grabbed a piece of wood and came towards us. Anderius took that and said he should leave. He said he did not want to so he said he should sit down by the fire. He sat down but soon left. [He was later murdered by another of the visitors.] Anderius was very worried that the drunken Indians would do us harm. We said to him that if he thought we should then we would spend this night in the bush. But he did not think this was advisable because it is so cold. So we stayed, commended ourselves to the watchfulness of the Lamb and wished that it would become day soon. Soon they beat the one who wanted to kill us almost to death. We also prayed to the Lamb that he would soon let us see someone from the Gemeine because of my AnnaÕs condition.39 We laid her condition at the SaviorÕs heart with many tears that she should be spared in soul and body. On the 3rd [November] IN the morning our hut was full of drunken Indians. Martin and Anna counseled each other that they wanted to move out and into the bush for a while. At that moment, Brother Joseph,40 Hagen and Joseph came to the door to our surprise, but could not enter because the drunken Indians were here. We went out to them immediately, and could not believe our eyes. Then Brother Joseph welcomed the drunken Indians, one of them pulled his pack off his back and threw it into the bush, and took his hat and put it on himself and ran off. Joseph was quite unruffled by this. We went into the bush together a bit to hug and kiss each other. Anderius soon followed. He was a little downcast that things were so rough in his house. We then held a little conference with each other because I read in the letter about who should be concerned that we change our quarters. I soon explained our circumstances here to Brother Hagen because Anderius is thinking about moving away from here to his friends and that we could no longer live here on the island because apart from that there are many difficulties. We agreed to speak with Shikellamy. We asked Anderius if he thought that was good. He agreed. He offered to go with us to him straight away and to be our interpreter. So we went there together. When we arrived, we explained to Shikellamy that we, Martin and Anna, had been living with Anderius until now and that this could not continue because he was now leaving so we had thought to ask him whether these two Brothers [Spangenberg and Hagen] who had come to visit us could stay in his house and that we soon would go back. [We asked] Whether he thought that it would be good if we asked around for another hut. He said that it was not necessary that they look for another hut. His hut was big enough, and we were welcome to live in his hut as long as we wanted and he would like that and would welcome some of our people living with him. We thanked him greatly that he was offering his house to us. We also told him something of our plan here, why we were living among them, that it was not because of something we wanted for ourselves but rather out of love for their souls. Shikellamy said that if a trader or someone else from the white people wanted to live with him then he would not allow it, but he would allow us, because he knew us a little bit and we lived among them. We said that he should be quite honest with us. We did not want to be a burden to anyone if something came up. For example, if in some days many Indians were to stay in his house and he could not take our Brothers, so he could tell them to leave his house or show them a house they could stay in for the time being. He said this would not be necessary. His house was big enough. The cabins were there for him and for our Brothers and no-one else should live there. We thanked him greatly for the love and friendship he showed to us. We also thanked the dear Lamb for this public gift of great hope that the Lamb would soon glorify himself here in Shamokin. I went back to our house with Anderius to bring my things across the water to ShikellamyÕs house because AnderiusÕ house was full of warriors who had arrived from Canada. I also asked him, because Anna and I had lived with him for seven weeks already, what we owed him. He said however that I should not mention it. He was very sad that things had been so rough for us in his house. He had had nothing but corn for the past seven weeks. In his life he had never lived so poorly as he had for these past weeks. I said that we were heartily grateful that we had been able to live for such a long time in his house. We had not come here because we thought we were going to eat well, but rather we had imagined it to be the way it turned out. Our intention had been to be here for their souls and out of love for them. The old woman, Madame Montour, cried a lot that we were leaving so suddenly. Anderius accompanied us across the water, offered himself for any help needed, especially to his companions. In the evening we held a conference with Brother Hagen about the work in Shamokin and told him how things had been with us until now in regards to the Indians and what we had done. Our main plan, which we had received from the Gemeine, and which was so intimate with our hearts and feelings, that we could believe with our whole hearts that the Lamb would be with us and would protect us through his Holy Spirit among this people that was still so wild,41 even if we were not able to do more than pray and weep. We had visited diligently. When the Indians had given us some opportunity to talk about why we were here, then we did so and took the opportunity to praise the love God has for them. If they gave us no opportunity then we were quiet and prayed to the Lamb. We cannot even think of preaching, because for the moment there are troublesome things among them, until they themselves make the opportunity. In the meantime we ask the dear Savior to preserve us in the faith of his love and in the hope for these still very wild hearts until their hour comes. This evening, in ShikellamyÕs house, we held a Singstunde together and everything around was quite still. On the 4th [November] In the morning we soon left. Shikellamy gave us a piece of [dried?] venison to chew on the way. Brother Hagen and Joseph accompanied us to the Eva Creek42 and spoke a great deal with each other about being a child in relation to the Savior and also between each other. Said farewell to each other, found it a little difficult to say farewell. Our hearts broke with tears. Martin and Anna climbed the Spangenberg.43 Hagen and Joseph watched us and climbed up safely just as Anna finally had to crawl on hands and knees. That day we came quite a distance. In the evening we met a trader with 25 loaded horses. We made it to Anna Thal {AnnaÕs Valley} and there we made our night quarters. On the 5th [November] We arrived in Tulpehocken and were welcomed with much love by Brother and Sister Loesch.44 On the 6th [November] We visited our Brother and Sister Meurer. They were heartily glad at our arrival and that we were both well and happy. Martin [Mack] and Phillip [Meurer] visited Conrad Weiser that same evening. They had some news for him from Shikellamy. He was very happy with our stay in Shamokin and with what we had done there. He said that if we had told him that we had been very successful or that we had converted many Indians then he would not have believed us. But he believed what we told him. He has the same ideas about converting the Indians. On the 8th [November] We travelled to Brother and Sister Wagner. In the evening some Brothers and Sisters came there to visit with us. On the 10th [November] We arrived in our dear Gemeine again. Our hearts wept for all the grace and love and loyalty and care that it had done for us, two poor souls for the last 9 weeks. Oh, we bow down in the very bottom of our hearts. Accept us again as your children. We have experienced how good it is to be your children, how blessed communion with you is. We neither desire nor can be without you. Your poor fellow Pilgrims Martin and Anna Mack [Break in Diary from November 1745-June ] Supplement No. D to the Bethlehem Diary July Diary of Brother HagenÕs and Johannes PaulÕs journey to Shamokin from 26th May 1747(o.s.) to 27 Jun. 9 (n.s.) On the 26th May, Tuesday We departed from our dear and beloved Gemeine of our Lamb and God with much blessing and grace. We felt the heavenly love of the Brothers and Sisters that held sway here from the most intimate place of his discipleship so that our hearts and spirits were as though drunk. The Daily Text was: ÒOut of Zion, the perfection of beauty, God hath shined. [Psalm 50: ii] Put your whole people here before us like a gentle cloud and a rainbow of grace that you still grant the world.Ó In the evening we arrived at Jakob MillerÕs where we were well accepted. Brother Bruce was given us as a travel companion. On the 27th May, Wednesday On the way to Heidelberg we arrived at Brother and Sister BrŸckisch. They were as pleased as children about our arrival and we refreshed ourselves in each otherÕs company and left them happy and content. In the evening we arrived at Michael SchŠfferÕs house. He and his household were pleased that we had arrived. His youngest daughter, as she heard that we were travelling, asked for money from the others and gave us money for the trip. A good girl. She thought we had none. [M. SchŠffer said that we would have to stay tomorrow as well as there were no horses there.] On Thursday, the 28th of May In the morning we went to Conrad Weiser and told him that we were once again going to Shamokin. He gave us a letter for Shikellamy to take along with the news that from today he should be in his house in Shamokin for 20 days and that we two friends could build a house for the smith, whom TÕgirhonti [Spangenberg] would send in a few days. We also got our provisions together that we were thinking of taking along. On Friday, the 29th May We departed from Tulpehocken [the horses that had been promised to us we did not receive, and] Michael SchŠffer, who gladly equipped us and had provided us with provisions, gave us his two horses and delayed his trip that he was considering to Philadephia. But as he were hardly beyond his fence, he came running after us and said that he had to travel with us, he felt it so in his heart. He asked him to reconsider, however, he did come with us. We thanked the Lamb that he continued to help us and could be found in our hearts. We then travelled across the Blue Mountain and then over the ThŸrnstein and made our Sabbath night camp at LudwigÕs Ruh. 45 On Sunday, 31 May We arrived in Shamokin. We made our camp under a tree. Shikellamy came running with his people straight away and welcomed us. I gave him a gift of a roll of tobacco. He was very friendly. I said that I had words to say to him from TÕgirhonti. After the midday meal Johann Paul and I went to him. He sat in front of his summer house with his council and told us to come up. There they had spread out a bear skin on which they instructed me and Brother Paul to sit. The council sat next to us on both sides. The interpreter sat straight in front of us. I took out my speech and read the first line to them. Then I stopped. Then they discussed this. After they had finished I asked them in Maqau whether they had understood this. Shikellamy said, ÒGachrongi.Ò46 And so I continued and stopped after every sentence. And when they were finished, Shikellamy said, ÒGachrongi.Ò They were very surprised that I could speak their language so much better. When we were finished they lit their tobacco pipes and conferred with each other. After this they went ahead and showed us the place where our house and plantation should be. He also said that he wanted to give us three horses to work. At the last point, I gave him the string of wampum. I wrote to Brother Joseph in Bethlehem because Michael SchŠffer is leaving here tomorrow with the horses [and it would have been difficult for Michael SchŠffer if he had had to take it with him.] So we decided that Brother Bruce should go back with Michael SchŠffer. The text for today was Òall they that go down to the dust shall bow before himÓ (Psalm 22: xxix) Let everything serve the Community of the Cross, the shepherd cradles it in his bosom.Ó Monday, 1 June M. Schaeffer and Brother Bruce returned with the horses to Bethlehem. They were very blessed and content [and we believe that this journey will be a blessing for Michael Schaeffer]. We started to chop wood for our house. Shikellamy gave us a harness for the horses. I gave him a gift of a painted tobacco pipe that was an appropriately fitting thing for him. We prayed to the Little Lamb, that He would be with us as we built and would help us. On Tuesday, 2 June On Wednesday, 3 June We measured out the house, 30 feet long and 18 feet wide. The text for the day was especially important to us today. We also started to drag the lumber here. A Delaware Wilder was supposed to lend us his horses if we gave him 2 Gallons of rum. We told him that we had none. At that he rode his horses over the Susquehanna47. We were a little afraid at where we would get the lumber as we only had two weak horses and the other three we were supposed to have lived across the water and no-one could reach them. The Savior helped us, however, clearly. On Thursday, 4 June We fetched the lumber and laid the thresholds to the house. Shikellamy himself helped us. The text for the day was especially significant [It is he whoÉ] [sic]. We also believe that which will allow this to truly come to pass [the Husband] On Friday, 5 June In the morning we fetched lumber again and in the afternoon we continued to build. The Indians have the custom that when they are supposed to help someone in their work that then one must give them food, and we had very little. Therefore we had to work alone, and that during the whole building process. But the Little Lamb will help us through this. That gladdens us and gives us encouragement. On the Sabbath48, 6 June In the morning we fetched lumber. In the afternoon we were building again. Shikellamy showed all the Indians the house and said Òthe SpiritÓ and was happy. Many of them watched us while we worked. We conversed much with the Gemeine in our hearts today and it did us good. Shikellamy also gave us a rib of venison. On Sunday, 7th June We contemplated the Gemeine a great deal and were reassured in our hearts of her prayers. We were peaceful and blessed in each otherÕs company. [Brother Paul had an attack of diarrhea but the Savior helped him through it through a dose of balsam]. Today Delaware Wilde came through here who were wanting to go to the war with the Catawba. As we had laid down to sleep they all entered the big house and the war was the greatest event. {???} In the house stood a post on which a human head was carved out and they carried on there with music and dancing. Whoever brought a complaint against the Catawba there, then could put an axe into the idol, and so he could express his opinion. This went on for half the night, after that they ate together.49 From our hearts we prayed to the Lamb for these people [the Daily Text was especially important to us]. On Monday, 8 June We laid the joists in the house. A trader came by and began to swear and curse. Why didnÕt we have the Wilde help us and in good time make them into our servants. We soon let him know why, so he became quiet. He wanted to make it up to us and offered us his skins in return once we had the house finished. We refused. But he kept working on it and wanted to befriend us. He offered us rum but we did not take it. We had another sleepless night because of the warriors. On Tuesday, 9 June We worked hard at our building again. We were very exhausted and did not know what we lacked. We made ourselves a cornmeal soup as we had nothing else. Thus we were strengthened again. Four warriors left today. ShikellamyÕs son left with them. I could not answer to the fact that there were 17 together[?]There is unbelievably little food here. They have grass roots and the like to eat. Weeds that when they are uncooked they are poison. But when you cook it with ferns it is a good meal.50 On Wednesday, 10 June We worked hard again. On Thursday, 11 June We had visitors again but no helpers. The Savior protected Hagen today especially. The ax that Brother Paul had been using above to cut fell down to the ground next to his foot and cut him through his shoe on the side and cut his foot a little. But it did not stop him working. On the Sabbath, 13 June We finished making the blocks. We thanked the little Lamb with all our hearts and he had helped us this far and had kept us from harm and had given us hearts that are always happy and his closeness and strength to work. Because otherwise it would not have worked -- because we two were alone and had to drag the blocks 30 feet to the house. We can say that with every block that we dragged the Savior put his hand to it and the prayers of the Gemeine were there also. Shikellamy went out on the Susquehanna in his canoe today to go down to HarrisÕ Ferry to fetch provisions for himself. We also started to work on our plantation to put the seeds in for the turnips.[RŸben] On Monday, 15 June We ploughed again. 4 canoes full of white people from Canaserage passed who were fleeing the war.51 One of them was a trader, who made many of the Wilde drunk. The reason for this gave us many sleepless nights. We also cut down a tree for shingles and began to make them. On Tuesday, 16 June We went to make shingles again. The drunken Indians on the way wanted to trade with us. ShikellamyÕs wife, who was also drunk, said my husband loves these people and they left us in peace. On Wednesday, 17 June In the morning we made shingles. In the afternoon we started to work on the land. It was heavy work with horses and ploughs. The Little Lamb helped us though and it worked. ON Thursday, 18 June We made shingles and also cut a door into the house. It was rainy weather. We were especially happy in our hearts. We observed that we always dreamed of the Brothers and Sisters and believe therefore that the spirit of the Brethren is with us and converses with us and we refreshed ourselves quite intimately at the thought of our Brethren in their absence. We worked in the house. It was rainy weather [rep. sic] (The Savior protected Hagen especially as it was slippery up on the joists. When Brother Paul was up there a board fell down and hit his leg but there was no great injury.) On the Sabbath, 20 June We carried our shingles and also lumber on skids down to the water and made it possible for us to work in the dry. We also made a path to the water on which we could carry the lumber up. The Wilden watched. One woman Wilde said that they had been here so long in this place and had never made anything like this and was pleased about it. An unmarried Delaware man came to us and said he had wanted to come to us for a long time but he had been far away on the hunt but had heard that we were here. He knew Jepse and Broadhead.52 He said that when we moved on he wanted to come with us. The Wilden here all regard our business here as better than theirs. Even if it is just what one is, then they think it is better because we have done it. On Monday 22 June We began to put the roof on our house. We thanked the Little Lamb that we were given a day that allowed us to work in the dry. ShikellamyÕs family began to complain that they had nothing to eat and would like to have seen us share some of what we have. We conferred together on what we should do also because we had little thought that one of us would have to leave to fetch provisions from Tulpehocken.53 On Tuesday, the 23 June We were at our work again. At lunchtime however Shikellamy and our dear Brother Bruce arrived with our smithy tools and also with provisions and dear letters. We were very happy about this and thanked the Lamb that he had brought him to us and that he had worried about us before we had even thought of this. But everything had got wet in the water, as both canoes had taken water on board on the big falls. We immediately laid everything out in the sun to dry out. We wondered how we would carry all the heavy crates but the Savior helped us through it. No great damage had been done. Brother Bruce told us how the Savior had managed everything and that Shikellamy had been down there at Harris Ferry as he had arrived with the things. We could not thank the Savior enough for what he did to make Shikellamy arrive just then. He was watching our work that we did and the land that we were ploughing and he was very joyful. ON Wednesday 24 June We cut shingles. Shikellamy was with us constantly and watched. I delivered my greeting to him from TÕgirhonti and his brothers. He thanked us greatly and was very pleased. We moved into our new house today because we had brought our new things and had enough of a roof over us that we could stay dry. The Daily Text was especially important to us as we moved in. We considered Brother BruceÕs departure for Bethlehem. We thought that he should stay for a few days with us out of necessity and help us to be able to lock up the house while we are working outside. We also held a little Gemeintag54 for ourselves by reading the letters that Brother Bruce had brought along, and this in our new house. We were very happy and contented together. Today a Wilde had got himself drunk and wanted to behave in an unruly fashion so they bound him. That is their way of keeping order. [On Friday, 26th June we cut another blade for making shingles.] On 27 June The Sabbath we closed up one side of the house. The whole day the Wilden were with us and watched. They like being with us. So does Shikellamy. On Sunday, 28 June We were quiet. Shikellamy came to us and asked whether today was Sunday. I said, yes, for he could see that we were not working. So he left right away and put his regal regalia on and returned to us. 55 Supplement to the Bethlehem Diary in the Month of August 1747 Number C. Brother HagenÕs Diary of his Work at Shamokin From 10 July-13 August o.s. (29 June-2 August n.s.) Shamokin Diary from 29 June-10 July 1747 On 29 June Brother Bruce left here happy and content with news and a few letters to the Gemeine. We accompanied him with our best prayers and we commended him to the Little Lamb. On 30 June we finished the roof on the house. We also carried rocks up from the Susquehanna for our fireplace. On 1 July We carried rocks to the house with ShikellamyÕs horses. He was very happy about that. We had much to carry as it is something quite new here to take horses out when the water is high. A trader asked if we had been sent here by Conrad Weiser. We did not give him an answer. In the evening a drunken Wilde woman tried to get into our house. Shikellamy called to her that she should leave us in peace. We were tired from the work. On 2 July We began to build the chimney and fireplace. Indian traders were here too, also the one who had recently said that he wanted to see us run out of here. He was quite silent however. On 3 July Shikellamy came and said that he wanted to go to Tulpehocken in the morning. He is with us constantly. It seems that if it were not pleasing to him then he would not be with us. On 4 July Shikellamy and his household went to Tulpehocken. I gave them a greeting to the Gemeine to take with them. [We laid the mantlepiece for the fireplace]. On 7 July We fetched stones from the water. We got as many as we needed. On 8 July We worked hard on the fireplace. We also built a door into the upstairs room. We were constantly visited by the Wilden, especially when new ones arrive who had not lived here while we have been here. On 9 July Once again we had many visitors from the Wilden. They watch out work far more than if we prayed and preached here. They brought us green beans as a present. Shikellamy also returned from Tulpehocken. On 10 July We had visitations from the Wilde again. When one went away then another would come. A Wilder came running and shouting strangely with an arrow in his arm. The others understood him as soon as they heard him. He brought news that a woman and a boy had been shot with arrows by Wilden. There were also traders there. Several others came whom we had to bleed.56 ON 11 July We finished our fireplace chimney and cleared up our house. We again were visited by Wilden. They were much in awe at our work. Traders came into the ground floor of our house again. They looked angrily at Shikellamy as he saw that we [É text corrupt] We also shaved his head according to the Indian fashion.57 On 12 July [Sunday] We went out for a blessing of our souls and looked at Shamokin. We sang the verse, ÒMy God, you see them grazing, bestow on us also a table on which we may feast..Ó [???] ON 13 July We went to fetch wood to put the ceiling over the living room. Hagen began to lay the boards and Paul went to make the cross bars fro the fence around the vines. On 14 July We were hard at work. A Wilder came and wanted to eat with Paul. But we had no food. They brought us blueberries as a present. On 15 July we were very happy in the contemplation of our Brothers and Sisters. On 16 July We finished the ceiling over the living room. On 17 July Hagen became very ill. On 18 July We had no daily text (?) On 19 July Hagen got a high fever. Otherwise we were happy and content. On 21 July Hagen once again had a high fever so much so that the ????. Prior to this Brother Paul let his blood. We also used the good fever powders. The fever left him but also left him very weak. On 23 July Hagen was very sick. He was somewhat strengthened by the arrival of his Brothers and Sisters58 that it went through his body and soul so much that the illness nearly left him and the kisses and greetings vaccinated him and some were so juicy that they refreshed and strengthened our hearts unspeakably. The air of the cross that wafted around them was very pleasant to us. The Wilde, who saw Brother Christel Rauch coming, came running, because he had come a little earlier and they did not know the way to the house and asked if he knew the smith. I said yes, and then they were happy, they brought blueberries. It was as though a king had arrived, even Shikellamy was very happy. We thanked with bowed hearts the Little Lamb for his loyalty that he had brought our brethren to us with the help of his holy angel. ON 24 July Anton started to sort out his smithy tools. He had many with him. (We prayed with our brethren especially with Brother Christel [Rauch]) On 25 July the dear Little Lamb blessed us especially. (Hagen and Anton) we thought about our journey down to Harris Ferry to fetch the things [that the dear Society had sent to us]. On 26 July we were quiet and refreshed ourselves with the Little Lamb. We talked with each other. On 27 July we planted our turnip seeds. We started our journey down the Susquehanna with 2 canoes. Shikellamy joined us himself with one of his sons and another Wilder whose name was Philip. Christian, Anton and the two Sisters stayed at home. On 28 July we arrived safely at Harris Ferry. We received everything in an orderly fashion as they were stored in the lodge. We even travelled back a few miles. However, Brother Paul had an attack of the fever. We slept in the bush. On 29 July we left again. When we got to the falls one of the canoes, where most of the things were, started taking on water. But everything was saved. Shikellamy lost his hat though. In the evening we came to the Indians called Nanticoke where the two Indians were who had been shot by arrows. There Shikellamy himself made a fire away from the other huts and had the two kings come to him and held council with them about the two murdered Indians. We prepared some food, which they placed before the council, he himself ate nothing though until the council was over. He heard for the first time a week ago what had happened and wanted to preach. They did not want to hear him though. They were in the thick of the traders. They were very friendly to us. On 31 July in the evening we arrived in Shamokin again to our brothers and sisters whom we met happy and content. We were overjoyed to be together and thanked the Little Lamb that he had brought us here again past all the cliffs and rocks, for the Susquehanna is no different to look at than a town full of houses, the rocks lie in the water and the water flows criss-cross between them [like a warp and weft]. On 1 August Hagen and Christel [Rauch] held a little conference with each other. They also invited our travel companions to eat at midday with us. Brother Paul got the fever today. A Wilder brought our sisters a shirt to sew. On Sunday 2 August we had a blessed conference together about the things that occur here in Shamokin. In the evening the council was meeting and Brother Christian brought them the greetings and words from TÕgirhonti and the other Brothers who were dear to them. Shikellamy allowed TÕgirhonti to speak, he and his brothers want to be sure that no injury happens to the smith and Brother Hagen and their wives, not at the hand of the Indians nor of the white people. For the white people especially have no say here and also none are allowed to live here.59 The other white people had built Shikellamy a house60 and it had lasted until they came. If they like him had been there it would have taken just as long to finish. {?} We had said that they should have a smithy and we would have come straight away and would have built the house he could have lived in and that he would have liked.61 Afterwards we had a blessed lovefeast with each other, at which the Little Lamb allowed the beautiful martyrs to speak. After that we had a blessed footwashing during which we sang many verses about the blood and wounds. The Little Lamb showed himself in our hearts especially and we washed off from each other whatever may have stuck to us. Afterwards, Brother Christel held a very juicy and bloody speech on the daily text, which was ÒRejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out:Ó (Deuteronomy 33:xviii]. The first fruits of our Gemeine often make us cry for joyÓ and our hearts felt something of the pain of grace of our little lamb. At the end of the speech, just as Christel wanted to take the book and sing a verse, there was an explosion and a bang as though a huge shot had been fired off. But we did not stray from our course , and Brother Christel blessed the bread and the wine and gave us the body of our dear little lamb to eat and the blood that he spilled to drink. How we felt at this communion with our Lord I cannot describe. It was also important to us because it is the first one here in the wilderness, perhaps as along as the forest has stood. Now, dear Brethren, I lay myself and my brethren down in the loving motherly heart of our Husband.62 Think of us for our dear Little Lamb. We are your poor children and especially the blood of our dear little lamb. Johannes Hagen [The text of HagenÕs funeral service follows in verse] Diary of Shamokin 1747 Kept by Martin Mack from 29 September (Tuesday) o.s. to 31 December 1747 On 29 September Martin Mack arrived yesterday evening in Shamokin. The Brothers and Sisters were wondrously overjoyed because they had so greatly desired to see someone from Bethlehem. He found them in their hearts to be quite happy but in their bodies to be exhausted and sickly. I gave them the little letters and many heartfelt greetings and kisses. On 30th September [Wednesday] we wrote to Bethlehem and reported the circumstances in Shamokin as they currently stand. Martin spoke with Shikellamy and conveyed a greeting from Brother Joseph and gave him a small present, which was most pleasing to him because he was sickly and weak after the long illness. On 1 October [Thursday] Brother Post departed from here to Bethlehem. It was quite quiet here in Shamokin today. Brother Anton had many visitors in his smith shop. On 2 October [Friday] we were happy and blessed with each other. We held heartfelt discourse about our Little Lamb of God and his Gemeine to which we also belong and are members of the same. On 3 October [Saturday] Martin visited Shikellamy. He begins to get better. He asked me when it was Sunday. I said tomorrow. On 4th October it was Sunday. It was very quiet in Shamokin. Martin read several letters to the Brothers and Sisters from Bethlehem that he had brought with him. The Little Lamb was close to us. We felt very close in our hearts to the Brothers and Sisters in Bethlehem. Sister Hagen fell very ill again today. We commended her to the heart of the Lamb. On the 6th October [Tuesday] Shikellamy asked that I make him a skid. At this I went off into the bush and looked for a tree. ShikellamyÕs son wanted to have an axe smithied today. But he could not get it done. The brothers and sisters were all sick today. Martin was their sickwaiter [The text of the day was, ÒAnd I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless thee, and make thy name great; and thou shalt be a blessingÓ (KJV Genesis 12: ii)]. On the 7 October the sickness continued. We commend our condition to the Little LambÕs heart especially that of the sick ones [because he is the best doctor]. On the 8 October Martin opened AntonÕs vein and he quickly became better. We thanked the Little Lamb. Sister Hagen had a difficult night [she felt as though she was being crushed because her chest was so heavy]. On the 9 October Anton went down the Susquehanna to the Ferry with a canoe to see whether he could pick up our provisions there. We could not find anyone to go with him and so he had to go alone. We prayed to the Little Lamb and his holy angels [because Sister Hagen is so sick on the chest that she cannot breath Martin opened her vein and the Little Lamb blessed this so that she became better from hour on.] We thanked the Lamb greatly. Sister Schmidt has had the fever all these days. In the evening Conrad Weiser and his son arrived here. Shikellamy told him that he should stay in our house. He came in our house and behaved very modestly. He said that Shikellamy had told him he should lodge here. We told him that this was fine. On 10 October our sick ones recovered. We thanked the Little Lamb from our hearts. [Conrad gave Shikellamy ??? and two for his sons] On 11 October it was Sunday and we were quiet but also quite cramped. Martin discussed much with Conrad Weiser. He showed himself to be quite friendly. On the 12 October Conrad Weiser and his son departed again. He bade us a friendly farewell. He asked that when we travelled through Tulpehocken that we not pass his house [without stopping]. Today 14 warriors came home from the Flatheads [Catawba] and brought a blessing with them. They had lost five of their people and several were wounded. They soon visited us and behaved very well. In the evening the dear heart Brother Zeisberger and Brother Post arrived from Bethlehem. We were much overjoyed by their arrival and they brought us much written and spoken news about our dear Gemeine. We had a blessed evening and a sinner-like evening meeting. Shikellamy soon came to our house and saw who had arrived. He recognized David and gave him his hand. He was very happy. David began to talk with him immediately. On 13 October our sick ones were a great deal better. Martin and David asked Shikellamy to come to them and gave him greetings from Brother Joseph [and his brethren] and gave him a present that Brother Joseph had sent. This pleased him greatly and he was very happy. He began to discourse with David and said it would be good if he [David] were to live in Shamokin, then he could talk to him sometimes. We discussed several things with him and that we held him dear and reminded him that our Brother Johann [Zinzendorf] over the great water also held him dear with whom he had travelled to Ostonwakin and Wyoming. He was pleased about this and said he remembered him well. And then it was midday. We said that he should have a midday meal with us, which pleased him greatly. Today more warriors arrived who were going to the Flatheads. There were several Shawnee among them who had stayed this summer in GnadenhŸtten. They knew me well and were also able to visit us in our house. In the evening we had a very blessed evening service. We commended ourselves to the Little LambÕs heart, just as we were, and thanked him with all our hearts that we have a little place in Shamokin where we can live together in peace and quiet. On the 14th [Wednesday] we were visited a lot by Indians. Today a great many of them were drunk and they made a lot of noise. On the 15th we spoke with Shikellamy. He was very open with us. Our Brother Anton can once again return to us from the ferry by land because the Susquehanna is so shallow that you cannot float on it. We wrote to Bethlehem again today and reported our circumstances. On the 16th in the morning, Shikellamy came to David [Zeisberger] and said that he sent greetings to Brother Joseph and his brethren and wanted to let them know that he was quite well again. Brother Post departed from here again for Bethlehem. Martin and David split boards to lay a floor in our house as the ground is very damp and unhealthy especially for the sisters. On the 17th October we thought a great deal about our dear Bethlehem. We felt a Sabbath-like air in our hearts. We perceived the little Lamb of God in us and had a blessed evening quarter of an hour, laid our plan in Shamokin to the heart of the Lamb, asked him, that he should soon gladden our hearts with souls, also from this Nation. On the 18th it was very quiet here. We were very blessed with each other and held a Love Feast today. Martin read out something to the brothers and sisters from the letters he had received from Bethlehem. [Spoke with Anton and her again because the little Lamb was especially close today]. We had a blessed evening quarter of an hour. We thought of our dear Bethlehem often and the blessed hours that one enjoys there. ON the 19th Shikellamy visited us a great deal. Anton worked for him the whole day in the smithy. Martin and David looked for charcoal. In the evening we had a little House Conference with each other. On the 20th the Susquehanna has risen over 2 feet so that Jed. and Anton travelled down to the ferry by land so see whether they could bring the canoe and the provisions that are there for us up by water. We accompanied them with our love and prayer. We had a blessed evening quarter of an hour. On the 21st ShikellamyÕs wife died. They let off five shots immediately. He, Shikellamy, shot twice out of his hut. They buried her in the afternoon. It was conducted quite quietly other than a few women who cried. He himself did not go to the burial. He also never visited her during her sickness. Many unknown Indians arrived here today from the Shawnee.63 On the 22nd we began to pull our turnips out because we will not got many otherwise. The Indians have visited them often up to now. In the evening we were very blessed and content with each other. On the 23rd Shikellamy visited us. He was very friendly. A Mohican woman also visited us who has love in her heart for us. Martin laid a floor in our house today. Three traders arrived here today who behaved very foolishly. But they left us in peace. In our evening quarter of an hour we thought a lot about our dear brothers and sister, especially of our Brothers David and Anton, and asked the little Lamb that he bring them back to us healthy in spirit and body. On the 24th October we were visited a great deal by Indians. We were in Bethlehem a great deal in our hearts and felt a Sabbath-like air. We also thought of our two brothers who were supposed to arrive today. But they did not come. We commended them to the LambÕs heart, that he should protect them. On the 25th of October it was Sunday. We were quiet in our house. The Indians made quite a lot of noise around us because several of them were drunk. Shikellamy fetched firewood. He is very happy that he has a skid again. Martin walked several miles down the Susquehanna, thinking that he might meet up with our brothers. But they did not come. [We commended them to the LambÕs heart.] On the 26th several Delaware Indians who had been in Wyoming came down the Susquehanna. The man knew me well. He had spent two months this summer in GnadenhŸtten. On the way, they had heard a child crying on the shore. They went onto land with their canoe and as they approached the land they found four children sitting together and crying, and the mother lay next to them dead. The smallest child was just 3 months old. They took the woman and children into the canoe and brought them down to Shamokin. It was a Delaware woman who had lived about 25 miles from here. They took her away again though. Two women took the children. Her husband is several days journey away on the hunt. We waited with longing for our two brothers, but they did not come. We were visited a lot by Indians today. One brought a shirt to be sewed by our sisters. On the 27th October our two brothers arrived here [with things]. It took them three days to canoe back here. They also had a man with them who they had paid to help. Shikellamy visited us a lot at lunchtime. We had a blessed evening quarter of an hour. On the 28th October Martin and David went back down the Susquehanna to fetch ShikellamyÕs canoe which Brother Anton had brought to the mill and the people had taken it away from there and brought it to six miles this side of the mill. Anton stayed at home because he has a lot of work for the Indians. ShikellamyÕs son brought two baskets of coal [charcoal?] today, which he had burned himself because Anton did not have anymore. He had to work for him. On the 29th Anton was visited a great deal in his smithy. However, he used up all the coal today. On the 30th Anton worked on building up his coal pile. ShikellamyÕs son fetched the wood on the skid. Martin and David slept on an island in the middle of the Susquehanna. We were very happy among ourselves. We thought of our dear Bethlehem often. We were about 40 miles from Shamokin. On the 31st October almost all of the Indians left for the hunt and most are not thinking of returning until spring. Shikellamy is still at home and a few old women. Martin and David lodged on an island in the Susquehanna again about 4 miles from Shamokin. We had a very cold night, but made a big fire and the Sabbath-like air of Bethlehem kept us cheerful and content. On the 1st of November we pushed off from the island early and arrived in a timely fashion at our brothers and sisters in Shamokin. We found them to be quite well. We thanked our little Lamb heartily that he had brought us happy and blessed back to our brothers and sisters. In the evening we had a blessed evening quarter or an hour. On the 2nd in the evening Brother Post and his Rachel and also Mrs. Mack [our Annerl] arrived here safely from Bethlehem. We were filled with incredible joy by the many heartfelt greetings and pieces of news that they brought with them. Shikellamy soon visited us and was happy to see my wife again. They immediately began a discourse with each other.64 On 3rd November we began our Sabbath. The Watchword for the day was very significant to us. It was ÒAnd they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in.Ó [Isaiah 58:12 KJV] A few Indian women visited us and were very friendly. They had a sweet girl with them and because she was smiling at my wife, Annerl, my wife kissed her and then she was full of incredible joy. We had a blessed evening quarter of an hour [Éand thanked the Lamb] who also had safely brought these brothers and sisters to us. On 3rd November [sic] we visited Shikellamy. He was very friendly. David told him that he was planning to leave the next day. Shikellamy said, Òit is not good that you are leaving again. You should stay here.Ó We wrote today and reported our circumstances. On 4th our brothers and sisters set off on their journey. As David [Zeisberger] and Brother Post and his Rachel and Sister Hagen [left] we commended them to the Lamb of God and his father that they might protect them on their way. We were blessed and content, discoursed in a heartfelt fashion with each other and in our evening quarter of an hour the air of the Cross manifested itself and we felt an joy in us at this. On the 5th November [my Annerl] Sister Mack visited Shikellamy. He was friendly. For the time being he is quite alone among the men in Shamokin. [my Annerl also had a heartfelt bonding with Sister Schmidt and Martin had the same with Anton]. On the 6th November we both worked on the pole house roof and towards evening we fired it. We had Shikellamy over today for lunch. It was very pleasing to him. He also really liked the food, thanked us heartily for it and we gave him some to take home. He lives now very poorly and has not had a bit of meat for some weeks and no-one is there to cook for him.65 On the 7th we began our Sabbath. The Watchword for the day was very important to us. It was ÒAnd they that shall be of thee shall build the old waste places: thou shalt raise up the foundations of many generations; and thou shalt be called, The repairer of the breach, The restorer of paths to dwell in.Ó [Isaiah 58:12]66 He bestows all the posts for the building of the Church. [we had our married persons quarter of an hour for the first time together during which the Lamb was very close to us.]67 Oh, how often we thought of our dear Bethlehem. We felt some of the Sabbath air that was wafting around them. We also held a little lovefeast with each other. Various Indians came home from the hunt who wanted to have ÔPOUSÕ made for them by the smith. But he did not have any coals yet. In the evening we were much visited by the Indian women. [my Annerl] Mrs Mack spoke with them a little. Martin and Anton visited Shikellamy. Today an Indian brought us a piece of venison as payment because our sister had sewed a shirt for him. In the evening we had a blessed quarter of an hour [thanked our little Lamb for the peace of the Sabbath.] ON 8th November we were visited again by Indians, We also had a little Prayer Day among ourselves where we read our little letters that we had recently received from Bethlehem, especially about Brother CammerhofÕs and GottliebÕs travels around the land here.68 The little Lamb was very close to us and the air of the Cross wafted all day among us. On the 9th many Indians came home from the hunt to go to the smith and have things done to their flintlocks. Shikellamy received some venison today. He came immediately and gave us venison ribs and said, ÒThere is also meat.Ó He was very friendly and visited us several times. 2 Shawnees visited us today also. My [Annerl] wife and Sister Schmidt pounded corn for us to eat today on ShikellamyÕs pounding block. This pleased Shikellamy greatly and he was happy that our sisters could pound corn also. We also pulled out our turnips today [Sister Schmidt got a thorn in her foot around her ankle today, which stuck in there about an inch. It caused her much pain and her foot swelled up much after that.] On 10th of November we received many visits from Indians. Today Martin and Anton began to build a house for the coals. In the evening we were very content and blessed with each other. We held heartfelt discourses about our little Lamb of God and his wounds and about our dear Bethlehem. ON 11th and 12th everything was very quiet in Shamokin. There were few Indians at home. 2 Shawnee came to the smith from the hunt to have their flints repaired. On the 13th we were visited by several Delaware Indians. In the evening we had a blessed quarter of an hour. On the 14th we held our Sabbath. The little Lamb revealed himself to us with a palpable blessing [especially in the Married Quarter of an Hour]. Martin and his Annerl visited Shikellamy today. We gave him some turnips. He thanked us in a friendly fashion. We also visited other huts but found few people at home. Today we also had a little love feast during which we were very content and blessed. We often thought of our dear Bethlehem during this. On the 15th November we were visited by various Indians. Martin and Anton visited Shikellamy and also ate with him at lunch. He was very cheerful. An Indian Doctor visited us today also. The little Lamb blessed our evening quarter of an hour service. On the 16th everything was quite quiet here. We were blessed and content among ourselves. On the 17th Shikellamy visited us in the early morning. He said that Anton had to show two horses for him. He wanted to go to Tulpehocken. My Annerl and Catharina Our sisters went visiting today in Shamokin and found several Delaware women at home who were friendly, and pleased to receive a visit on this occasion. They had the opportunity to discourse with them. ON the 18th we were content and blessed among ourselves [we held heartfelt discourses about our little Lamb and his children]. There was a great panic in Shamokin today about the canoes because the Susquehanna River had risen so much in the previous night that it had swept away almost all the canoes. Shikellamy visited us diligently today. He ate with us this evening. On the 19th we removed our coals from the coal house. Anton shoed two horses for Shikellamy today. He looked very friendly during this. On the 20th Shikellamy travelled today to Tulpehocken. In the afternoon two of his sons returned from the hunt. One of them had a Mohican as a wife. She also returned home. She has a love in her heart for us and I believe she is no longer dead open in her heart. She had a little girl of about 4 years who also loves us. A sweet child that she took to the hunt 14 days ago and a few days ago a Delaware Indian had VERGEBEN the child so that it died soon after and today she brought it to us and wanted to bury it here. The Mohican woman was crying greatly because it was the only child that she still had. This summer another child of hers died in the same way. My [Annerl] wife visited her and was able to speak with her very sincerely. [Inserted page] On the 22nd the Mohican woman came into our house early in the day and said, ÒHave mercy on me, have mercy on me, make me a few nails É I want to make a box for my child so that I can close the box.Ó We promised to do this for her and she thanked us greatly. The Mohican woman had told [Annerl] my wife that just before her child died she had said, ÒMother I want to die. Tell the white people who live in Shamokin that I loved them and tell them that I did not steal any turnips from them, they should not think that of me but rather that if I had wanted to eat a turnip then I would have asked for one.Ó The next day she died. The child affected us greatly because we loved her. We were also happy because we believe that she has gone to the Lamb. She looked quite joyous as she died. [Inserted page] ON the 22nd November [Sunday] we were visited by many Indians. Martin and Anna went visiting today also. Otherwise we were much in our hearts with our brethren in Bethlehem and the peace of the little Lamb of God lived among us. We were cheerful, blessed, and content among ourselves. We were happy that we are sinners and blessed children through the blood of the Lamb whom he has chosen and who count among his people.69 Thanked him also with heartfelt tears for what He has done for us here in Shamokin. Also laid our plan for here to his heart anew so that He might make each of us follow Him with a whole heart and soon gladden us with the fruits of His bitter sweat and Blood which He spilt also for these people as well as for us. The little Lamb blessed our evening quarter of an hour. On the 23 November in the morning ShikellimyÕs eldest sonÕs 2 year old child died. They were very despondent and wept and let off shots. They brought our sisters a piece of linen and said they should quickly make a shirt for the child, which they did. Martin and Anton also visited the child after it had died. They had painted it almost all over with red paint. In the evening they buried it. Today we had many visitors from Indians of different nations. The Mohican woman made us a little present of dried cherries. She stayed with us for a long time and was friendly. We gave her a little bread. She said she would have to hide the bread, she could not let it be seen by the other Indians because they were envious of her and had accused her, ÒYou are more loved by the white people than we are. One can see that you are one of their friends or from the nation that they love.Ó70 A Delaware Indian, who came to visit the smithy today, and who lives not far from Wyoming , a good man, sat down this evening at our fire. There he complained to my wife Anna about his plight and said he had come a long way and he was wet and cold and also very hungry and he had been in Shamokin since yesterday and had still not received a single bite of food to eat, and whether she did not mind giving him a piece of bread. She gave him a piece of bread and he thanked her greatly for it.71 ON the 24th and 25th it was very quiet in Shamokin. We were content and blessed in each otherÕs company. On the 26th a woman trader came to the house again who had been here for a while already. She had brought quite a lot of rum with her. We again had many Indian visitors today [Catharina fell ill with a strong bout of the fever today. In the evening she became very ill] On the 27th Anton had a lot of work in the smithy shop. Martin sewed shoes and the sisters chopped wood and carried it here. On the 28th November we held our Sabbath. We were blessed and content in each otherÕs company and the little Lamb was intimately close to us and we often thought of dear Bethlehem and the blessed air of the Cross that is there especially on the Sabbath. In Shamokin there was not much peace today because so many were drunk and made such a noise. Especially tonight they howled in an astonishing fashion around our house. But they did not disturb us. Shikellamy returned from Tulpehocken today. Martin and Anton visited him. He showed himself to be very friendly [he gave Martin a letter from Conrad Weiser and a piece of beef which CatharinaÕs mother had sent us.] In the evening we held a blessed quarter of an hour service and we blessedly and happily laid ourselves down in the arms of the little Lamb. On the 29th November Martin read the two sermons of Brother Ludwig (Zinzendorf) today that were very blessed to us. The sisters went visiting today and found several good women at home. My wife Annerl had the opportunity to speak with the Mohican woman today about the love of GodÕs little Lamb for us, during which she and her husband listened attentively. The Mohican woman also told my wife Annerl that last spring she had felt something in her heart like her cousin [that is Nathaniel, the Indian] and Martin had been present and since that time she had been troubled in her heart. The Mohican woman asked my wife Annerl what she thought about her child who had died, whether it were with [our] God and whether we all believe that it is with [our] God. My wife Annerl said that if she got to know our God then she would find her little girl with Him, because our God was also her God and He loved us all equally and loved us so much that he died out of love for us. The Mohican woman also related to us further about her little girl that since her cousin [Nathaniel] and her husband Martin had been there that the girl had often spoken the words that she had heard from her cousin and until she had died she had been very obedient. The Mohican woman became very agitated and was happy and did not know why. Her husband was present during this discourse and paid great attention. He is ShikellamyÕs eldest son.72 Today Anton visited Shikellamy and gave him a present of turnips, for which he thanked us cordially. In our evening quarter of an hour service we laid all our concerns at the heart of the little Lamb, especially the Mohican woman concerned us greatly. We were able to pray for her to the little Lamb with our whole hearts that He might take mercy on her and open her heart. On the 30th November Anton had much work in the smithy. We were visited by various Indians. On the 1st of December the Mohican woman visited us. Also Shikellamy. [My Annerl was sick again today. She had cramps in the side. Otherwise we were contented in each otherÕs company, held heartfelt discourse on the wounds of our God, the Little Lamb.] On the 2nd December ShikellamyÕs sons left for the hunt again. He is quite alone again at home. He visited us today. Also ate lunch with us. ON the 3rd December we were visited by several Delaware Indians. It snowed the whole day today and through the night. The snow was knee deep. Shikellamy visited us diligently today. On the 4th December ShikellamyÕs sons returned from the hunt because they could not get away on account of the deep snow. On the 5th December we were happy and contented in each otherÕs company. We felt something of the Bethlehem Sabbath air in our hearts and the little Lamb was tangibly close to us and his Blood warmed our hearts and smelted us together anew. In our evening quarter of an hour service we thanked our little Lamb heartily for all He has revealed to us until now in Shamokin and that He has taken our part in such a loyal fashion both in internal and external things. ON the 6th December [Anton, who had not been feeling well for a time now had a very bad cough today and took something in order to sweat] Martin and his wife Annerl visited Shikellamy and took him a present of turnips; he thanked them and was very friendly. Many Indian women visited us today, among them the Mohican woman who was very friendly. On the 7th of December Shikellamy visited us diligently. He also inquired whether Martin and Annerl would stay in Shamokin this winter. The Mohican woman told him however that she did not think we would stay here much longer. To this he replied that he would be very sad that those people always left who could speak to him. He had nothing against that we travelled now and again, if only there were always someone there with whom he could talk. He loved us very much as though we were his own children and for this reason he liked to visit us occasionally and talk with us. Shikellamy also told the Mohican woman today that we had often told him that he should fetch himself some turnips to eat. But he was too embarrassed to fetch something from us because we were poor ourselves and did not have much. Yes, if I could give them something, that would be better, he said. In the evening he sent the Mohican woman to us and had her ask us for a little piece of meat for his sick child. He desired some so much and he did not have a single bite in his house to give him. We sent him some for which he was very thankful! On the 8th December Anton worked the whole day in his shop for Shikellamy. The sisters went visiting again today. Two traders, who live on the other side of the Susquehanna, were here today to have some work done in the smithy. In the evening the Mohican woman and her husband visited us. They said that we were a very different kind of people than those that she knew already of the white people. They did everything evil as much as they (the Indians) did, but about us they said that we were able to live so nicely with each other and were so friendly and loved each other so much and were so content the way the other people could not do. And they were mostly all like this, the ones they had seen of TÕgirhontiÕs people. TÕgirhonti most really have good people where he lives. At this the MohicanÕs husband said that he had travelled with TÕgirhonti two years ago. He had never in his life travelled with such good people or such a good man as with him and then he said that in the spring they wanted to visit TÕgirhonti and his people. We had the opportunity to tell these two people something about our God the little Lamb, what he can do for poor people when they believe in him and that He helps them too because he loves them astonishingly much. At this they asked after the big man [Zinzendorf] and all the people who had been with him four years ago, whether they were still alive, that they were good people also. We said yes, they were still alive and they also loved them greatly and wished that they would get to know our God who had spilt his blood out of love for us so that we could be eternally happy together with him. In our evening quarter of an hour service we commended our plan anew to the heart of the little Lamb, we also commended the Mohican woman to his loyal and dear heart, that he would take mercy on her and reveal his dear heart to her. On the 9th and 10th of December we were content and blessed with each other. We thought a great deal about our dear Bethlehem, also desired to hear something soon about their business, that the little Lamb tells them, asked the Lamb to receive their prayers that they were sending him for us and tell them that they should ask him to allow us to be part of them and that he should remain among us with his peace as he had done until now and allow us to keep his love and intimacy with us. On the 11th December the Mohican woman and her husband visited us. We were able to speak with them from the heart. On the 12th of December we held the Sabbath (we had a blessed Married Persons Quarter of an Hour). Martin and his wife visited Shikellamy and also the Mohican woman and her husband. They once again told us much about TÕgirhonti and that they desired greatly to visit him if their horses had not wandered so far into the bush, then they would go with us. On the 13th of December we were visited by Indian women. ShikellamyÕs daughter visited us with a sick child. She asked for a piece of bread for the sick child. We gave it to her. She was very grateful. [Martin opened Catharina SchmidtÕs vein today, which she tolerated well.] The little Lamb was very close to us during the evening quarter of an hour. On the 14th and 15th it was very quiet here. Shikellamy visited us diligently. He stays with Anton in the smithy most of the time. A few days ago he had tools made for himself. On the 16th it snowed very heavily all day, so that the snow is now over 2 feet deep. Shikellamy ate lunch with us today. He thanked us greatly for it. Martin chopped firewood. The Mohican woman also visited us. On the 17th and 18th of December there was a great frost here and such a bitter wind that the snow in many places had drifted to over 4 feet deep. Shikellamy stayed with us a lot. On the 19th the Susquehanna was frozen over. 2 Delaware Indians came here to the smithy, to have their flints mended. One was the brother of Beate. He had been in GnadenhŸtten a lot this past summer. He knew us both well. [We had our Married Choir Quarter of and Hour today. Our dear Bethlehem was much in our hearts. We desire to hear something from there.] On the 20th [Sunday] we were visited by several Delaware Indians. They begged for several turnips from us and behaved modestly. Another child of ShikellamyÕs son has died. They were very sad because 5 children of the one son have died this year. We were content and blessed with each other. On the 21st of December Anton received a great deal of work in his smithy shop. We were visited by various Indians. On the 22nd we were visited by many Indians. Shikellamy and his sons spent most of the day with us because Anton worked for them the wole day. In the evening quarter of an hour the little Lamb was very close to us and his blood melted our hearts in many tears. On the 23rd there were many drunk Indians around here. They made a lot of noise with dancing and drumming. It sounded quite terrifying. Otherwise we were quite blessed and content with each other. Held heartfelt discourses about our little Lamb of God and his children in our evening quarter of an hour. We laid all our circumstances at the heart of the little Lamb. On the 24th we thought countless times about our dear Bethlehem and about the blessed Christmas Eve vigil. Oh how our hearts desired to enjoy that too and to hear something soon. On the 25th of December it was quite quiet here. We were much in our hearts with our brothers and sisters in Bethlehem. We had a little Love Feast at noon time, for which each of us had a little bread roll baked in the ashes. We were quite content with this and we felt the tender meditations on our behalf of our brothers and sisters. In the evening my wife visited the Mohican woman. There were several people in her hut. She asked Annerl if today were Sunday. My wife answered no, it was Christmas Day. Oh, said the Mohican woman and her husband. Why are you so quiet. The white people usually have a fun time on that day. You are definitely a quite different kind of people than the white people we know. Yes, said Annerl, that we are. It is a great day and we are quiet and gaze with our hearts on the Husband, God who holds us so dear that he [text corrupt] Annerl and she had the chance to talk about the little Lamb with him. We were visited today by several Delaware Indians. Our evening quarter of an hour was blessed by the little Lamb in our hearts. We made a present to Shikellamy and his people today, of turnips, which were very welcome. On the 26th December we were visited by several Indians [today we had a blessed Married Persons Quarter of an Hour. The little Lamb dissolved our hearts into many tears and tied us to each other anew]. Martin and his wife [Annerl] visited Shikellamy and the other huts also. In the evening we were blessed and content in each otherÕs company. Held heartfelt discussions about our happiness that the little Lamb had accepted us to be among his children and had brought us to the Gemein. We were humbled and grateful, gave ourselves to him anew, promised to live for him and with willing hearts to be cheerful stewards of his will. On the 27th December [Sunday] a trader came to our house and brought some work for the Smith. We told him that today was Sunday. He was surprised that today was Sunday. He said they had observed Sunday yesterday. Martin read a sermon by Brother Ludwig [Zinzendorf]. In the evening we read the Litany of the Wounds. We could feel the closeness of the little Lamb. On the 28th and 29th many Indians returned home from the hunt. Anton had much work in his smithy shop. Most of the time our house was full of Indians. We were blessed and content among ourselves. We very much desire to see someone from Bethlehem here. On the 30th [December] my wife [Annerl] visited the Mohican woman. Various Shawnee were in her house. They told the Mohican woman that this last summer they had been in the place where we had lived73 and had enjoyed much that was good. And many good people lived there and they gave one something to eat immediately when one arrived there. The Mohican woman and her husband showed a great desire to go there also. After this my wife visited Shikellamy. He gave her a shirt that she should wash for him, which she accepted. In the afternoon the Mohican woman visited us. She complained bitterly that she had nothing left to eat and there were so many people who had come to lodge in her house. We gave her some turnips. Otherwise we had nothing ourselves. In the night, 2 Delaware women arrived who complained bitterly for some flour. They said they had a sick person in their house. We gave them a little and said that we had only little ourselves and had not planted any this year. We could not spare any more. On the 31st [December] various Indian families came home from the hunt. Anton had a lot of work with their flints and axes. Martin helped him with forging and hammering. Shikellamy ate with at lunchtime. He was friendly. In the evening we held a little Lovefeast with each other and held a short Nightwatch. We reminded ourselves of what the Little Lamb of God had done for us this year, especially in Shamokin. We thought of our dear Bethlehem often during this, and asked the little Lamb to make us part of their thoughts on this night also. We closed this year with a heartfelt prayer to the little Lamb and with many hot tears, thanked him heartily for his loyal and loving heart which we have experienced this year greatly, and that he might forgive us for all that we have omitted to do and also for all that we have done wrong, that he might make it good again and wash us anew and clean us with his blood. Thanked him for our Plan which he has entrusted to us out of his grace, we laid especially at his Heart the poor heathens among whom we lived, especially the Mohican woman and her husband, Shikellamy. We would like to see them saved soon. We blessed each other with a Kiss of Love during several Blood Verses and then laid ourselves down to sleep. Martin and Anna [Mack] Anton and Catharina [Schmidt] Shomoco Monday Jan. 4. 1747 [1748]74 Dear Brother Cammerhoff kept with us the Sacra- Ments; were quickened and much Blest thereby 05. Parted with our Dear Brothers and Sisters With many Tears, Powell accompanied them To Eva Creek Felt in our Evening little meeting our Hearts Lo and melted. Commended to our Dear Lamb Our Whole Circumstances laying on his Tender Heart the Condition of the Poor Indians, prayed him for this part of the World which till now has been governÕd By Satan, lying under the powers of Darkness. Felt our Hearts getrost Ð and our LordÕs promise True. He Heers in the midst whear three Meet in his Name. 06 came Mrs Harris wth three Traders. one of which asked Bro. Powell if weÕd employ him to split rales to which he replied friend, it may be good first for us rightly to view the matter then u know splitting rales is hard work, said he but IÕde reather do it, being Obliged by Trading to llve so Wicked a life. 7.8 Bro. Powell continued splitting Rales. Bro. Antone Had many visits from Indians. brought Much work. Paid in Skins. Have hear so many Languages? we Find it very Difficult to learn anything. Then its rare to hear two Indians talking In one language Pray our Lamb to help us and and his will might Be dun in us/// Januar 9. Sabbath enjoyed our Love Feast with Innig Satisfacttion, tho many Blassings We had enjoyed in the Dear Church ware Us by this opportunity erinnerlich thanked Our Dear Saviour for allowing us this privilidg hear visited us three Tootlers, wonderÕd we kept two Sundays, never said they knew why the white people kep more than one In the Evening sang part of the Wounden Littany 10 [Sunday] Visited Shikellame, being Snoe Weather Could not well go further, invited him to Sup with us. 11.12.13 Came many from hunting, visited us, sum employed Bro. Antone, ware all very friendly and glad to see us 14.15 Bro. Powel widened our fence made a Field abt. two Acres. 16 ware Chearful and Happy together by our Sabbath Lovefeaste. Our Neighbour the Moheconterin came With an other woman to visit Sister, she wept and tould the other woman it trubled her that she could not understand and speake with Sister Smith more. 17 Read a letter from Snake an Indian Up the River to whom we are Somthing In Debt. Said heÕed come down soon- Invited Shekellame to Dinner/// 18 Monday came from Waquallepank Three Delawares with thar Guns to Be mended. Powel knew one of them By name, John Watson, having three Year agoe seen him in Bethlehem. All behaved with Bescheidenheit Paid us and returned the 3rd Day following. 19.20.21.22 ware well, thought oft on the Sinners and prayed our Lord to help and bless our Dear Brothers and Sisters thear and on the Roade. Believed they thought on us And love us (tho worth but little) as thare Flesh and bone. 23 Sabbath had us as usuall at 10 in the [morning] Our married quarter of an Ower. Felt the Peace of our Lamb thearby. Had a Sweet undisturbed Day. Enjoyed Our love feast. Love and understand each Other. Felt true fellowship A little past midnight was a Earth Quake, which so shook our House and Beds that sum of us awaked. 24 Bro. Powel visited some fammeleys Found all well. Invited Shekellame To Dinner. 25 Intertained and lodged a man of nd Maggee Who came in exceeding wet having waded The Creek. Powel and he being of one Relligion spoke freely with each other From real Christian principels and how a Man should and wood act to have a Clear/// Conscience and perticuler in Dealing with the Indians--- At going to sleep had our Usual quarter of an ower. 26 in the Morning brought him in a Cannoo over the River with Difficulty Being full of Ice. Was very thankful Behaving with greate Respect. We observed that the Traders can with Eagerness go thro the greatest hardships And Difficulties for sake of Gaine. 27 hard by a Trader that Mr. Magee was exceedingly trubled having heard by two Indians that Bro. Cammerhoff and Powel ware Drownded the Day we left his House. 28 came two Indians from the War with the Cattobats. Being all that are escaped from A number that went out last Spring. We hear that the Day they were killed they Two that are escaped left the other and Came behind a towne of the Cattobats expecting to kill som as they Came out a little before went Out of the Town about 30 men verry Swift on foot--- they took the others And having scalped them cut their flesh All over thare boddyes to the bone While they ware yet alive./// 29 Shekelleme made us a pressant of Half a Dear. Gave it hartily. 30 had a still sweet Sabbath felt in perr- ticular our LambÕs peace, offered him our worthless poor Hearts, begÕd him to take and keep them as Reward of His paine. In the Evening two Dellawares DesirÕd Room for a Bundle of Skins. We refused It fearing others should Demand them to Whom they did not belongÑ 31 Bro. And Sister Smith went a visiting Found verry few at home. Shekellame asked Powell if heÕd Make him a long fence. Said heÕed Pay in Skins. Tould him Powel had Not time. Feb. 1 came two Traders down the river CalÕd of Shikellame but came not to Us. We see that tho we behave frien- Dly towards the Traders yet when one Happens to com in our hous heÕes as a Fish out of water. Thank our Lord That they trouble us so little. 2.3 had severall visitts from Indians we had not before seen. Sum have no corn at all and cannot by with Skins but are obliged first to change them for Brandy and with that by Corn/// Feb 4 came in the Evening to James Logan A Dellaware by name Pet Cutfinger Had two wives, he and his Company In the Night were verry Drunk with Licker they brought. 5 came early to see us two of our next neighbours puerly that we might see thay ware soberÑ Logel prepared to go to Wyomack To by Corn but was prevented by the Excessive couldness of the weather. 6 Sabbath was to us a Day of Rest Sang by our Love FeastÑthis virs Whear three in love do live with Blood BaptisÕd A Church is seen tho little not Dispised 7 [Sunday] ware much trubeled with a Drunken Delaware Shekellime being not at homeÑ 8 Sister Smith had a Could fit of feavour Attended with excessive paine in the Back. 9 the Indians continued verry Drunken women and Children oft made our Hous there thar Refuge 10 Sister had againe the feavour seemly hard Attended with much paine as beforeÑ -came from Yomack a Moheconterin had a pritty Child, was by hir Husband drove away he having besides hir three Wives 11 Shekelleme and his Eldest son John Returned From hunting, being so excessive could that Thay could not hunt. Ware ObligÕd in about A week to Return without fleshÑinvited Him to dinner, had a hunterÕs appetite./// 12 Samuel Danyals a Dellaware came for his Gun. Bro. Antone had mended, but Refused To pay. Shekelleme being by was Displeased With him wood have had us a kept the Gun by fors till he paid, but it was not so In our hearts being unwilling to make him Our EnemeyÑhe came afterwards and paid --we supposed Shekelleme had spoke with him about it. 13 had a netlich Love feast Sister Smith gave being hir Birth Day 14 in the Evening Bro. Powell had the feavour was unwilling to be sick, prayed our Dear Lamb to keep and Restore his health and it was So. 15 came foure Dellawares, Bro. Antone mended thare Guns. They behaved modestlyÑand in the Evening Returned to the Trader over the waterÑ 16 Sister Smith got could the which was attended With great horseness in the throat, Suppose She got after a swet she took for the feavour 17.18 ware all well prayed our Lord to keep our Hearts in Simplicity closely connected with Him and his people in health and Sickness 19 Indians ware most all Drunk, except Shekelleme and his Eldest Sone, he being tierd With the nise he must continually hear In his own House, came to us Dined with Us, was DispleasÕd tho knew not how to Prevent the greatest Disorder thay after Made in his owne House./// We hear severall Nations will joyne to Take a Town of the french callÕd Teockhansoutehan 20 SabbathÑfelt our Hearts in union with our Saviours flock, (without was nothing but tumult and nise) we had peace ware shut up secure and free as Sheep who know those Sheppard watcheth and slumbereth not. 21 visited us an Old Dellawar. Said when he Dyed he ShuÕd go to Hell and he thought it wood be soon. Perhaps tomorrow being verry Old. Asked him how he came to belive so, said he I have livÕd with white People (who can reed and know many things From God) and they all Say so. 22 Sister Smith has the feavour 23 -- the Indians continued very Drunken one woman Burnt hir Back exceedingly for which reson we hear sheÕd continuÕd Drinking that therby of the Smart She Might be Uncensible Came a little before Midnight to our door Swaring Bitterly She using hir best Endevours To break it Down, but Bro. Antone prevented It with a Bar of Iron but the hinges she Beat almost of 24 hard Neighbour Maggee lay Exceeding Ill/// 25 Mrs Harris Sent Desiring weÕed immediately Both come over, understanding by the Messenger that her Man William had beat Hir and wanted to rob hir of hir Skins We refusÕd to go telling him to speak About it to Shekellimi Shekellami and two of his Sons went. We Roth to hir thus: Dr. Mrs Harris. We are willing if Possible To Serve and help you, but in and with such a Matter we cannot meddle, then we are People of Peace and love living alone for Our Dear Lord in this World Smith and Powell Shees a Woman we Respect and wish well Have far less hope of a Self Righteous person Than of hir. 26 Shekellame sent his Son John to visit Mr Maggee hear by him that he is something better most of the Dellawares are gon we hear some intend to return at planting time. 27 Sabbath supposed the Sacrament to be In Bethlehem. Thanked our Saviour for The sweet fellowship we felt./// Feb. 28 Sunday. Shekelleme brought us to Read a Treaty held with the Indians of the Six Nations in Philla. this year. and also A Letter of Recommendation Rote and given Him by the Governer, which we read To him. Was much pleased. Breakfasted With us. Mar. 1 Mrs. Harris sent us Milk. The which we Excepted. Returning hir thanks. 2.3 ware all well. The Daly expectation of hearing from Bethlehem gave us Muth. 4 had no flesh. Confired with each other how to get a little. In the evening a Delaware Woman brought and gave Fine flesh pice hir husband being just Comin from hunting. 5 SabbathÑSister had the feavour seemly Hard. A Mingo desired to sleep with us told Us Shekellame had no room. We Admitted him. 6 an old Shawaneno brought work to Bro. Antone. Tould us he came wide thro the Bush. Said he had been many Days verry Hungry. But every Day thought I can just Get to the Smith I shall get Bread We gave him some. His name is Neshanokeow. This is the Man who tould Shekellamo in Sister Mack hearing the first time she// Was hear that we ware like Piggons If he suffered a paire hear to reside they Draw to them whole Troops, and take from Him all his Land. 7 Shekelleme brought us Flesh his sone John being just come from hunting Both dinÕed with us. Shikellimi tould us that he and his three Sones wood visit the KirkaDunde75 after as the other two sons returned from Yomack. 8 Sister Smith had the feavour 9 Shikelleme asked againe if weÕed fence a large field, tould him we shoudl hardly grub the get this of our owne neads before planting time. To which he replied the KirkaDunde76 Should send hear more Brothers 10 ware all well and well employed. Antone in his Shop, Powel and Catherine Grubing and Burning Grubs lovÕd each other felt the peace of God in our Midst 11 ware very still most of the Indians being from home 12. Enjoyed our Sabbath in Stillness and Inward Satisfaction 13 Shekellemo Dined with us Inquired if the Kirka Dundes house was in Bethlehem and How wiÕd from Tulpehocken// 14.15 Severall Indians brought Bundells And Bushells of all what they had. BegÕd weÕd Give them room till they returned. 16 Andrew Smith a Trader slept with us was exact in behaviour and thankful tould us Cunnorrrad Viser77 was on his journey to Allegenea78 with the intent to prosicute the Traders thear that sould Liquer to the uttermost Severity of a new Act made Febr. last had in the Evening our little quarter of an Ower as usualÑ 17.18 had many visits from Travilling Indians who ware Hear detained by the Exceeding highness of Water. Our Towne At present is an Island being incompassed With water about 8 foot Deep--- 19 ware well in Boddy and Spirit with our hearts resting on the Merritts of our Bleeding Lover 20 [Sunday] the Indians that ware hear Detained got verry Drunken, but were not to us troublesome furder then the nise they made the whole night. One woman had a Child which we in the Night hard Cry Bitterly. We suppoed hir to have throwÕd it in the fier.Ñ 21.22 [Mar] It Being snow and bad weather to work Out made sum alterations in our House, made our room Door in the South End, being before inconveniant having Happened that Indians came in and up Stares Without comming in our Dwelling room. Bilt also a large foar Hous on the South End the widness of the house. 23 Mrs Harris made us a present of sum milk 24 a Young Delaware woman DesirÕd to hide by us a kegg of Brandy. We refusÕd it telling hir shee was not unsensible how the Indians abused and beate thare poor Wives when Drunk. If sheÕd take our advise sheÕed immediately thro it in the Susquahanna being the justest way for hir to be set free from so poor a way of living. 25 Widened our fence nearer Shekellame Planted beffore our House 14 pritty Larg Peach and Appell Trees. Shekelleme Desired weÕed rite by him To the Kirk a Dunde. Said he inted in the Morning with his Eldest Son to set Out for Bethlehem. Was Displeased His other Sons stayÕd so long at Yomock [Wyomick] Intending to have had them with him/// Mar 26 Sabbath we helped them with thare Horses and to pack up. Gave them Bread to Eat on the Road. Rote to Bro Joseph Gave them a Direction from Dulpeh- Ocke to Bethlehem. Rote in English and DutchÑ 27 came two Mingoes brought work to Bro. Antone. Let one of them Blood Having bad Eyes and paine in arms and Side 28 was not one Indian man on this side the River and only one woman and a few Children. 29 Shikelleme Sons returned from Yomack. Sister Smith had a hot feavourÑ 30.31 came home sum fammilyes of Tootlers We think they are the worst sort under All the Indians; are by all opportunities Stealing and begging and yet thereby Self-Righteous April 1 came two Delawares one was Brother to Godleabs Wife. Ware friendly tould us Godleab79 lived with them 15 miles up the RiverÑ 2 Mrs Harris visited us brought us Milk Tould us Godleabs Brother in Law was with Hir, and spoke many evill things of the Brethren. Said the Indians tould him in Knaden Hitten the Brethren wanted to Make them to Slaves and that they oust Pald of sum Indian Corn Colbs of Thare owne planting and a Brother/// Met them and took it from them and Beate them. Tould us also that ZackheusÕs wife Complained exceedingly to hir of hir Husband Said he used hir exceeding ill And wept bitterly. 3 Shekelemes two Sons and Wives Went with the Tootlers down the River A Trader not wide from the Mill Sent the Tootler Nation word that he Had for them a Long Sack of Flower And a Barrill of Brandy. We hear his intention is by this opportunity To Deale with them. 4 Came down the River in a Bark Cannoe 8 Warriors, Bro. Antone made them What they Wanted, they behaved exceeding Well, in the Evening Drumed and Danced after the Warriors Methode With Drawn Swords and other Weppons In thare hands, each had a brown Coat trimmed with Lace which appeared Like Gold. 5 in the morning took thare Leave intended to go to Harrises Ferry and from thence to the Cattobats by land 6.7 Powel and Sister Smith Plowed and it went Much better than we expected/// April 8 Came home sum of the Dellawares Brought us flesh Lent Mrs Harris an Inglish Song book. She having oft asked to See one. 9 SabbathÑware woll. Ware continually Looking and Expecting to See Brothers and Sisters, this being oft our Meditation Both by Day and Night to hear from Our Dear Congregation Could with many tears thank our Lamb for the peace and unity hee letts Us seek and enjoy this makes each burden As a feather light. 10 [Sunday] Had som visits from strangers we had Not before seen 11 Mrs Harris brought hear severall Indians who came about 50 miles Down the North Branch had much Work for the Smith 12 came 4 Warriors being part of an armey that went last Spring. The other part returned an other road. Had one scalp the head or Captaine visited us several times, behavÕd with greatest sevillity we find the warriors in generall men worthy of Respect./// 13 the Captaine Desiring a little Meale; we gave him som, we could Speake but little with them, but to Sho thare love they came and made Us Musick and took thare leave. 14.15 finnished plowing but could make no Gardens for want of Seed. Could get none thats of any use Bro Antone had the feavour Verry Strong. 16 Sabbath. Ware all well committed our whole Circumstances to the keeping and car of our Dear Lamb looking to his loving Brest letting him do whats Best 17 Bro. Antone had a second fitt 18 came our Dear Martin and David ware by them unspeakably Refreshed ware asshamÕd with harts bowÕd for our dear Lamb for all his care and faithfulness to us Sinners. Short Report of the Heidenpa§ in Shamokin [DiaristÑMack?] From 18th April [o.s.] 1748 Martin and David arrived safely at noon among our Brothers and Sisters in Shamokin. They were heartily gladdened as they saw us as they had greatly desired to see someone from Bethlehem for a long time. We communicated news to them both in writing and words and shared many kisses and greetings. We spent the afternoon with love and GodÕs little Lamb strengthened the Brothers and Sisters anew. The Mohican woman and her husband soon visited us, and were very friendly, asked if my wife were still alive. I said yes, about which they were thankful. In the evening we had a blessed Evening Quarter of an Hour. On the 19th [April] Shikellamy and his son came home from Tulpehocken. Martin welcomed him. He was very surprised that we had arrived before him. In the evening, David and Paul [Brother Powell] visited him. He was very cheerful. Anton was very sick today. He had a strong fever, which made him very weak. There was also quite a lot of noise around our house with the drunken Indians. But they left us in peace. On the 20th [April] Shikellamy and his eldest son visited us. They brought Paul and Anton a letter from friends and also tobacco, and said that this time we had had beaten them homeÉ They breakfasted with us, were cheerful. They asked is TÕgirhonti [Spangenberg] had arrived home. We said yes, soon after he had left. ÒEiÓ said Shikellamy, Òif only I had stayed another day I could have seen him.Ó We read him the words that his Brothers TÕgirhonti, Gallop, as well as Annentschi, Ganiaterechco, Hajinkdnes and the other Brethren in Bethlehem, Nazareth, Gnadenthal, GnadenhŸtten had written to him, which he received very well.80 They were both particularly happy that we used the names that they had given us.81 They were both very cheerful and open [lichte]. We were much visited by many Indians today, also many drunken ones visited us. They behave so well when they visit us though, as well as they possibly can. Paul and David plated some Indian corn and many other things. Martin wrote [letters?] and busied himself with the Brethren. In the afternoon, Sister Schmidt had a strong fever with much heat. In the evening we held a blessed Quarter of an Hour service. On the 21st Brother Martin set off again down the Susquehanna by land to Quitapahilla82 to order provisions and some steel and iron for Shamokin. The Brothers and Sisters were blessed and content with each other. ON Sunday the 24th Brother Joseph Paul [Powell] and David travelled by water down the Susquehanna. Anton and the others watched them leave with sorrow in their hearts because they are now alone at home. On the 26th, ten warriors returned from the Flatheads [Catawba]. They immediately began to drink and caroused horribly the whole night long. On the 27th it was once again very noisy in Shamokin because of the drunken people. On the 28th everywhere was filled with drunken men and womenfolk apart from old Shikellamy who visited with Anton a lot in his shop. On the 29th Brother Martin returned safely to Shamokin in the night with the provisions. He found Anton and us cheerful and well and joyful in their hearts. We held another blessed evening Quarter of an Hour service with each other where we thanked the little Lamb heartily that he had helped us get here again so safely and as we had been in danger for our lives a few times on the Susquehanna and sometimes could hardly see how we would get through without harm, then he helped us so palpably that we are quite astonished at his love and care towards us poor children. We committed ourselves anew to live for him and to do his will with great cheer. We blessed each other with the kiss [of peace] and laid ourselves down in the arms of the little Lamb. On the 30th [April] we held our Sabbath where we did good things for ourselves both in body and spirit. We had many visits from the warriors who were slightly more sober. Shikellamy visited us at midday. We held a little Lovefeast with each other at which the little Lamb was inwardly real to us [innig wahr]. Sunday, the 1st of May in the morning we heard that several sick people were on the island. Martin sent Anton and they and Joseph Paul [Powell] over to visit, which the Indians there received well and with much love. Brother Powell opened the veins of some of them. Today several of the warriors left. In the evening, Shikellamy came and asked us to make a fence for him around his land so that he could plant Indian corn. We said we could not do this. We had no time and we made suggestions to him that he should get people who could do this for him sooner. He said he could find no-one. Finally, he said, ÒBrothers, have mercy on us and help us this time. This is the reason we suffer so much hunger, because we have no fence and the horses eat up all our Indian corn.Ó We said that we would consider it further. But we could not promise him anything. Around midnight the dear hearts Nathaniel and Heinrich Frey arrived here unexpectedly and brought us many hearfelt kisses and little letters. We thanked our little Lamb heartily who has brought these two brothers to us so happily. On the 2nd May early in the morning Shikellamy visited us. He asked who had arrived in the night. We told him that Annuntschi along with another brother had come. He was happy. There were also several warriors visiting who were very friendly. We were visited a great deal by Delaware and other nations today. Nathaniel and Martin held a conference about several issues. We were very happy today among ourselves. In the evening, Brother Nathaniel held a blessed evening Quarter of an Hour service. On the 3rd, Shikellamy was with us and also ate at midday with us. After this Brother Nathaniel reported the words of TÕgirhonti and his brothers to Shikellamy. Shikellamy again asked that we build him a fence. We said that we could not do this without TÕgirhontiÕs knowledge. He first had to ask TÕgirhonti and his brothers about the matter, which he immediately did through Brother Nathaniel who soon is travelling there. Otherwise he was quite cheerful and content in his own manner. In the evening Nathaniel visited Shikellamy. [Inserted in margin] The Mohican woman brought a pair of shoes today and gave them to Catharina Schmidt and said that she should give them to Jannische [Anna Mack] as a sign of her love. On the 4th [May] it was quite quiet here. Shikellamy at at midday with us. Brother Nathaniel told him that the smith was going away for a short time so he should help keep an eye on the smith shop that the Indians did not spoil anything in it and he should indicate to the Indians that if they brought work then they would have to wait until the smith returned. He should also keep an eye on the brothers who stay here and see that no harm come to them. He received this all very well. In the evening, Brother Nathaniel held another blessed Quarter of an Hour for us. On the 5th Brother Nathaniel, Joseph Paul [Powell], Anton Schmidt departed from here to Bethlehem, the latter two for a visit there. Martin and David stayed here alone, watching them depart with sorrow. We had heavy rain the whole day, thought countless times about our Brethren who had left us today [in the evening Quarter of an Hour we committed ourselves to the little LambÕs heart just as we are.] [Inserted in margin] Today Shikellamy said that he was thinking of travelling tomorrow to Thomas MageeÕs with his son. ON the 7th Shikellamy and his son travelled to Thomas Magee. Otherwise we had a very quiet Sabbath in both externals and internally. Almost nothing happened the whole day. On Sunday, the 8th May Shikellamy and his son returned home again. We were visited by many Indians. In the evening, Martin and David were very blessed in each otherÕs company. We rejoiced in the beautiful wounds of our Lamb of God. Our dear Bethlehem was much on our minds. On the 9th, today the Indians took almost 16 gallons of liquor from the woman trader across the water and then they gathered and did not stop drinking until it was all gone. They made quite a noise, especially during the night. ON the 10th we had many visits from drunken Indians. They were friendly and modest towards us. Shikellamy ate at noon with us. He told us that he had not been able to sleep the previous night because of the drunken Indians. In out evening quarter of an hour, we laid this poor people in the area at the heart of the Little Lamb. On the 11th Shikellamy visited us. David learned many words from him. The Mohican woman also visited us. She brought us a little bear meat. On the 12th we hoed (gekropt) in order to plant some Indian corn. Various Indians visited us and watched as we worked. On the 13th David visited Shikellamy and explained to him that the horses had trampled down his Indian corn. Oh, he said, if only TÕgirhonti would soon send me someone to mend my fence! We also ploughed today and planted some Indian corn. In the evening, Heinrich Frey and Marx Kiefer arrived from Bethlehem, the latter in order to make a fence for Shikellamy and the former as company for him on the journey. They brought us heartfelt little letters and little kisses that quickened us both inside and outside. Throughout the night it was very quiet with the drunken Indians. The trading woman who lived across the water moved away today too. On the 14th it was the Sabbath. Externally we had quite a great uproar as most were once again drunk. But in our hearts we were content and happy little birds of the Cross Air (Kreuzluftvšglein]. We had happy hours in each othersÕ company, thought much of our dear Bethlehem. Shikellamy ate with us today at noon. We also let him know the words that his Brother TÕgirhonti had sent to him, which he received with pleasure and thanked us that someone had come to make him a fence. His son Thachnechtoris83 also visited with us much and grabbed several drunken Indians by the arm and took them out of our house. In the evening, as we were wanting to go to bed, four drunken Indian women with a drunken man came and wanted to sleep in our house. Shikellamy soon found out and came and tactfully removed them from our house. On the 15th [Sunday] it was quite peaceful. Shikellamy visited us quite heavily and ate with us at noon. We also visited him and his family. He also showed us today the land that he wants to have fenced in. On the 16th Shikellamy visited us in the morning and said that I should let TÕgirhonti know that he greeted him and his wife, and his Brother Gallichwio84 and his wife and Annuntsche and Ganachagejuto and his wife and all Brothers and he promised that TÕgirhonti had sent us to make his fence. He breakfasted with us and thanked us heartily for that. Heinrich Frey set off from here. David accompanied him until his night camp. Martin had the opportunity today to speak quite reasonably with a Delaware Indian, especially about they way in which they lived. He complained that they had to suffer so much hunger. Martin said that they had no need to suffer hunger, that they could live quite well if only they wanted to work a little bit and not drink so much. He said, yes, that might well be true. I said, I bewailed the poor Indians as often as I looked upon them, that they allowed themselves to be dragged around by the enemy on a foolÕs cord (Narrenseil) when they could have it so good. He was quite reasonable to this. [Inserted in margin: Today Marcus Kieffer began splitting sales for Shikellamy] On the 17th May eight canoes full of Indians came up the river, about 50 of them. They made camp opposite us, over on the island. The will move to Wyoming [Valley]. Their nation is called the Nanticokes. They have otherwise lived on the Susquehanna where it runs into the sea. 85 They say that this fall more will follow. They all speak good English, even the children, but they have otherwise a very odd way of speaking. There are several reasonable people among them. Towards evening, the dear heart David returned to me. I was very joyful and we kissed each other and hugged and our evening quarter of an hour was quite blessed. We were able to plea from the heart to the Little Lamb for this whole area, that the dear Mother {the Holy Spirit} might make her sonÕs suffering known in the hearts of the poor Indians. On the 18th many of the Nanticokes visited us. They wanted the smith to mend their flints and axes. Martin began to hoe the Indian corn today and David baked bread and at the same time washed our shirts. On the 19th David helped Marcus Kieffer to split sales for Shikellamy. He visited with us a great deal today. Martin cooked and hoed the corn. On the 20th Thachnechtoris, ShikellamyÕs son, left here with two other Oneida to go up the Susquehanna about 100 miles. An Indian from the Nanticokes came to Martin and asked for a piece of bread for his children. He said that they were crying so for white peopleÕs bread. They were used to it. Martin gave him a little piece. He was a good man. He had something of the Brethren about him in his face. He really took my and DavidÕs heart. The Mohican woman and her husband visited with us a great deal today and were very friendly. On the 21st we had out Sabbath. We were very blessed and cheerful in each otherÕs company. We rested in the little Side Hole, really treated ourselves, also enjoyed some quiet from without, and in our hearts were in Bethlehem a great deal. The Nanticokes left today also and travelled further up the Susquehanna. One family however left to go down to the white people. David visited Shikellamy today who is alone now most of the time and sat in his store house and spoke. On the 22nd May [Sunday] David visited Shikellamy. He was very open. He learned many words from him. We received many visits from several Delaware Indians. In the evening we had a blessed quart of an hour service, thought greatly of our Brothers and Sisiters. In our hearts felt that they were with us. On the 23rd it was quiet here. Martin visited Shikellamy who was ill. He had a headache and sick eyes. Gave him a piece of bread for which he was very grateful. On the 28th we were visited by many. Otherwise we had a peaceful and blessed Sabbath, both within and without. Shikellamy, who was a little better, ate lunch with us. He stayed with us a long time and had long discourse with David. On the 29th [Sunday] the Mohican woman brought us some venison. She asked for a little piece of bread, which we gave her. ON the 31st Marcus Kieffer went in to the bush to chop wood. In an hour he returned and had cut himself in the foot. David carried planks for ShikellamyÕs fence. Martin helped him. The dear Savior had clearly protected him today because he stepped on a big rattlesnake and it was very angry. In the evening a trader came and without asking permission lodged in our house. He came up the river by land. Shikellamy came right away and was pleased. Gave him his hand in a heartfelt manner. He though it was one of TÕgirhontiÕs people. He also asked right away who he was but we said no, it was a trader and unknown to us. That really upset him that he had given him his hand and had been so friendly to him. On the 1st of June the trader left again. We had much rain today. Planted some cabbage. Oh, how many times today did we think of our brothers and sisters who were gathering today from all over in our dear Bethlehem. We also thought of all the work that the Laborers had done and blessed them in our prayers.86 On the 2nd we thought of the Synod and asked the little Lamb to send us all his sympathies that we were not there in person and he should make us remembered. We also felt that the little Lamb was quite palpable among us. On the 2nd June towards evening Shikellamy came and said that he was hungry. This evening he want to eat his night meal with us. It tasted very good to him also. It seemed that he had had nothing to eat all day because most of them were all drunk and so they did not get to cooking. In our evening quart of an hour we laid ourselves at the little LambÕs heart just as we were feeling, asked him in a childlike fashion to bless our Laborers greatly in Bethlehem in their work that they had before them and that he should make them successful in everything that he wanted them to do through the power of the Holy Mother [Spirit]. In particular the plan with the Heathen because they are his great prize. On the 3rd Martin carried sales for Shikellamy. He helped him a great deal. Some unknown Indians arrived here also. On the 4th we held the Sabbath. Were blessed and content. Rested in the little Side Hole with our Brothers and Sisters in Bethlehem, which did us much good. Felt as though they were really thinking about us today. Martin and David visited the Delware on the island but fond that there was only one sober there, because the others were all drunk. Also visited on the side where we live. Came to a sick woman who was very weakÉ and had such great pains. On the 5th most people were drunk here. We were also visited the whole day by them who looked quite angry. We were quiet. David visited Shikellamy. But a drunken man came right away and complained to Shikellamy that an Indian had hit him and now he wanted to be angry. Just then the other man came along who had hit him and wanted to make things good with Shikellamy. But he chased him off and said he wanted to have nothing to do with him. He was a bad man. In the evening the Mohican woman brought us some venison. On the 6th Marcus Kieffer went back to his work. His foot was quite better again. David helped him. A Delaware man visited us from Nesgabeka. 87 Martin hoed the corn. On the 8th we were out working hard when in the afternoon a strong thunderstorm came and for quarter of an hour it hailed so hard that the ground was quite white afterwards. The hailstones were so big that our corn that otherwise was growing so nicely and was almost three feet high was so beaten down that it was no longer recognizable. It was the best in Shamokin and the Indians were astonished that we had such beautiful corn. We wondered whether this was the reason this happened, so that they would not get envious. On the 9th we started to set ShikellamyÕs fence. He helped us and several of his people. Various Delaware Indians came down from Nescopeck and wanted to visit the smithy. They visited us. Were very friendly to us. The Delaware Indians here were mostly all drunk. For three days they had been trying to get him to drink. He always avoided them and fled to us twice. On the 11th we held the Sabbath. Were blessed and cheerful among ourselves. Shikellamy sent five people with six horses to Tolpehocken to fetch flour which had been given to him by the men in Philadelphia when he had been there last. 88 He visited us was very sickly. He lamented greatly that the smith was absent so long. In the afternoon Martin and David brought him a piece of bread. He was very grateful. David learned many words from him. On the 12th various Indians arrived here and wanted to come to the smithy and had come a long way. We also visited Shikellamy today. On the 13th several Delaware Indians visited us and complained that the smith was away for so long. Shikellamy was with us for a long time today and ate at midday with us. He was very relaxed. We were very busy today with hoeing the corn. In the evening we were blessed among ourselves, especially in our Quarter of an Hour. Asked the little Lamb to bless the Brothers and Sisters who were on the journey to us here and to protect them in soul and body and bring them to us soon. On the 14th we were visited by many Delaware who were drunk. On the 15th we were busy with hoeing the corn. In the afternoon the little Lamb brought Brothers and Sisters Paul and Anton here safely. Oh how happy we were! We thanked our little Lamb with all our hearts for the Brothers and Sisters and the heartfelt little kisses and little letters. Shikellamy came running right away and several other Indians. Welcomed them with much joy. In the evening we had a blessed Quarter of an Hour. Our hearts melted in many tears. On the 16th we were visited much by Indians. Brought much work to Anton. Martin and David visited Shikellamy and brought the words that his Brothers TÕgirhonti and Gallichwio89 had sent to him, which he received well and one could tell that he was happy to hear something from his Brothers. He then asked Ganackragajat whether he had heard if his wife and children were also well. Ganakragarat said yes, he had heard that they were well. After this he said he was happy. Then he asked whether GallickwioÕs wife and his small child were well. We said that we had heard that they were well. After this he said, I am happy. [Inserted in margin: he said after this that he had seen GallichwioÕs and JanekeaguhontisÕ child. They were 2 beautiful children.] After this we told him that TÕgirhontiÕs wife had heard that his daughter was now a widow and so she had sent his daughter a blouse, which made a spezial impression on the man and a while later he gave it to his daughter. After this she appeared so happy and light as though something wonderful had happened to her. I definitely believe that this will be a reminder for her. On the 27th Martin and David both went out to work on ShikellamyÕs fence because we would very much like to have it finished. Anton was busy in his smithy shop. An Indian woman brought us some venison. On the 28th we held our Sabbath. Two traders arrived here and behave quite scandalously. In the presence of many Indians they called each other many shameful names that they could think of and finally they both beat each otherÕs heads bloody. Shikellamy said ãjachte go janneri traders!Ò 90 David visited Shikellamy. He was very talkative. He asked David when Brother Johannes would be returning to the land. David said he did not know. When Brother Johannes would be backÑmaybe in seven years. He did not know if he would come. He had much work over there. He asked about what TÕgirhonti was doing in Virginia. David said he was visiting the people who lived there.91 There were several Indians present, as Shikellamy began to say the Ganouserackeru was still single and that Annuntschi too who had been here in the past and that many single brothers lived together. They had their own land where they lives and now they were building a big house. 92 They had started on it when he had been there before, and he had been in the room where the single brothers slept, each one having his own place for a bed. It looked as though it would be very nice. At midday weh ad a very blessed Love Feast with each other. Oh how our dear Bethlehem occurred to us so many times and the blessed times that one had there when a heart is really thirsty and hungry. In the afternoon our brethren Paul and Anton went to visit the Delaware Indains who were friendly and revealed themselves to be full of love. In the evening quarter of an hour we felt ourselves to be sinners and asked the dear Mother to reveal our Plan to us clearly and to make her sonÕs suffering known in the hearts of the poor Indians soon. We especially felt our hearts pleading for Shikellamy and his family. Thereupon we laid ourselves gladly down in the arms of our dear husband. On the 19th David visited Shikellamy a great deal. He also ate at midday with us. Was cheerful and alert. In the afternoon we visited on the island and found many at home. From your dear hearts Martin and David. Journal of the Shamokin Mission, Diarist David Zeisberger November 30th, 1748 ShikellamyÕs Death93 In the valley of the Heathen Brothers Martin and David visited the Swatane94 who was very ill. We made him some tea,95 for which he was very grateful. We also told him that Brother Martin and Boehler were thinking of leaving for Bethlehem tomorrow. In any case, Brother Martin and Boehler were preparing for a journey. In the evening, we had a blessed love feast. Brother Martin shared much news with the Brothers and Sisters about Bethlehem, about the little Lamb there at the Synod and who was then later made into an Elder at the festival,96 and also in the whole land, which was very emotional. We were happy about this and took part in the blessing that had poured itself out over the people. Brother Martin spoke then a great deal about our little LambÕs office of Elder, and that even here in Shamokin. He had declared His news as Elder, which was for us all an astonishingly great and weighty matter, that the Little Lamb even here in this place, where it has always been so dark, wishes to be recognized as Elder, and thanked him with many tears, that He makes room for us even here, and has given us a place, where He can be worshipped. After this, Brother Martin conducted a very emotional and blessed Quarter Hour97at which he blessed and absolved Brother and Sister Anton in the name of our Eldest. Thereupon we had a very dear meal of our little Lamb, and our Elder allowed himself to be felt in our hearts, that He was among us and fed us with His Body and quenched us with His Blood. Our hearts melted in many tears about our Husband, and fell to His bored through feet and worshipped Him for his Closeness and for His News, and then we went to our rest as blessed and happy Cross?Air?little Birds in his Sidehole. 98 On December 1, in the morning, Brother Martin held another anointed Quarter Hour and recommended to the Little Lamb those who were to stay here, as well as those who were to leave, and in general the whole mission here, as well as the SwataneÕs family. He offered them up to the Little LambÕs heart and then with a tender Kiss of Love they took leave from each other, and when Brother Martin took his leave from the Swatane, who was still very ill but who could still speak freely, Brother Martin and Boehler happily and blessed set on their path into the Side Hole. On the 3rd we had a very quiet and contented Sabbath in the Side Hole. On the 4th Brother Anton and David visited the Swatane and found him to he so weak that he could no longer walk by himself and could no longer hear well. In other ways he was very friendly and watched us with love, but could speak very little. We brought him some tea and bread, which he enjoyed greatly. On the 6th, David visited the Swatane early in the morning and brought him something to eat and drink. He said, however, that he could eat and drink nothing, and that he could no longer hear anything, only speak a little. We saw that he would not live much longer. Around midday an Indian woman came and said to us that he was close to going home.99 David went to him and stayed with him. But there was a terrible wailing of lamentations, for everyone, old and young, wept incredibly about their old father. He spoke no more, and looked at David with friendship and smiled, and finally passed away quite contentedly. We now felt in our hearts that we should plead with the Little Lamb that He should grant a place in his Side Hole for him, and were able to believe that He would do the same. None of his sons were at home, only his daughter and a few women. Brother Anton was sickly and had to lie down, but soon recovered. On the 7th we went out and split shingles to improve our house. On the 8th, James Logon returned home from the hunt, because they had sent for him. He soon visited us and David told him that his father had become very ill on the way back from Tulpehocken. He looked very sad. He asked us to make him a coffin, which we did. On the 9th they buried the Swatane. Almost everyone in Shamokin was present. In his grave, they gave him 2 new blankets, a tobacco pipe, and 3 bags with tobacco and flint as an honor, and other things too. We also went to the burial and helped to bury him. They did not fire their weapons while he was dying or at his funeral, rather everything proceeded very quietly. On the 10th, things were pretty unruly in Shamokin, because whiskey gained the upper hand among the Indians. But they were very peaceful with us and did not prevent us from going about our business and we were alone with each other peacefully in the Side Hole. On the 12th, Logon came and asked David to write him a letter to Conrad Weiser to tell him that his father had died, which he also did. He did the same to Brother TÕgirhitonti.100 Otherwise we had many visits from Indians. SwataneÕs daughter, who is very sick and can hardly eat anything, also visited us. Sister Catherine gave her something to eat of which she took a lot. She repeated ÒniˆwoÓ many times9 and carried herself with great modesty and politeness.101 On the 14th, Logan visited us with his wife and discussed many things with David. He asked all kinds of questions, among other things, why Brother Powell had gone away from Shamokin, and whether another Sister could come here because it was very difficult for Catharine to take care of everything by herself. David also told him that we were soon expecting a Brother from Bethlehem, namely, Christian Rauch, whom he knew. He also said that he wanted to go on the hunt tomorrow a few miles over the river with his whole family. David should visit him there sometime, and if he had meat, then he could bring some meat back home with him. He is very modest and carries himself towards us with great friendship and loves us. On the 17th December it became rather empty in Shamokin. Logan and his whole family went hunting again so that we were left alone. Logan gave us the key to his Store to take care of and is thinking of staying out on the hunt until John returns, which he is expecting as soon as the bucks lose their horns. We were quite alone in the quiet and had a contented and blessed Sabbath and were happy to see the dear heart Christel again soon. Sometimes we looked out down the path to see if someone was coming. On the 23rd it was quite rowdy in Shamokin because everyone was full of whisky. They were as modest in their behavior towards us as they could be. On the 24th we were much in Bethlehem in spirit and the little Lamb permitted us to feel something of the communal blessing of his congregation. On the 26th we were visited by many Indians, Maqua and Delawares. Logon and his family came home from the hunt and visited us, also cooked themselves something to eat at our fire because they did not want to go to the drunken Indians in their huts. Logon also had received a letter from Conrad Weiser that David translated for him. They soon left again though and Logon said he wanted to visit us again soon. On the 28th and 29th various of our familiar neighbours came home from the hunt and visited us soon also. One sees that they love us and are truly good people, if only they didnÕt occasionally indulge in their weakness and were tempted to drink, for if they resolved not to drink then they would be required to wait a long time before they did. On the 31st we had a blessed Sabbath and we were much in our hearts among our brothers and sisters in Bethlehem. IN the year 1749 (old style) ON Sunday January 1st we waiting with longing for our dear heart Christel. But he did not come. We gave up thinking he would come. On the 2nd our dear hearts Christian and Henrich Frey arrived in Shamkoin to our great joy and contentment and gladdened us with many juicy little letters and news from our dear brothers and sisters in Bethlehem, for we had waited longingly for someone for a long time. On the 3rd we spent a contented and very blessed day and our dear and precious heart Christian told us many happy tidings from our dear congregation and we were quite blessed and content together in the little Side Hole. On the 5th David and Henrich Frey readied themselves to travel to Bethlehem to the Synod. Brother Christian wrote letters to Bethlehem. A few Indian women from LogonÕs family came to the house and visited us ad we let Logon know that Brother Christian had arrived here and that David would soon go to Bethlehem. We also sent him many greetings from TÕgirhonti, Johannes and Gallichwio and all our brothers because we could not easily get over the river. On Wednesday the 6th our two dear little hearts, David Zeisberger and Henrich Frey left in the morning for Bethlehem, quite blessed and content and our dear little spirit left with them too. The few Indians who were left in Shamokin began to get into the whisky and the latter held such powerful sway over them that they reveled the whole night as though they had lost their minds. On the Sabbath, the 7th, we were surrounded by a great tumult and the drunken Indians visited us much and complained to us of their sorry state that whisky had become their master and also cried a little as well. The poor tormented hearts wailed to us greatly and we showed them our sympathy. We, for our part, held a blessed and contented Sabbath and we were much with our two hearts on their journey and also with out precious hearts in Bethlehem and felt among us a gentle peace. On Sunday the 8th we visited the Indian huts and sent one little sigh of concern after another silently to the little Lamb. Christian especially felt how his heart burned for them. In the evening Brother Christian held a blessed and anointed quarter of an hour with the Antons. On Monday and Tuesday nothing much else happened. On Wednesday the 11th the three sons of Shikellamy came home from the hunt with their wives and various others of their extended family [Freundschaft]. They came straight to our house, visited with us and were very friendly and neighborly to us. Brother Christian conveyed his greetings to them from his brothers that were sent with him to them and assured them thereby that when the Brothers and Sisters heard from David that their father had died they would be very downcast and that they believed also quite earnestly. James Logon and his younger brother asked if they could sleep the night in our house. Brother Anton S. permitted them. Towards evening, the others all began to get into the whisky and spent the whole night drinking and carousing and also around midnight came rushing into our house so that we, poor hearts, had to spend them whole night without sleep. On Thursday the 12th we were much visited by drunken Indians. They brought their little whisky barrels with them and would very much have liked to have moved in with Logan and his younger brother. But Logan and his older brother held themselves like men, however the younger one succumbed to weakness and maintained the loudest rumpus throughout the day and Christian and Anton fetched themselves firewood today for the house. For ourselves and in ourselves we were very blessed and our hearts tended in al blessed a burning love towards Bethlehem today and we were in spirit present at the Synod. On Friday, the 13th Logan with his wife and several other Indians left again for the hunt. 2 of his brothers with their wives and those that had not yet had theor fill of whisky stayed here. Our whole heart hung and cleaved to Bethlehem today with tender and burning feelings of love and we noticed in our hearts some little airs of blessing that wafted from our dear hearts to us and were contented even amid all the noise that we were surrounded by. On the 14th, the Sabbath, our dearest Husband was indescribably gracious. We felt most heavenly blessed in our hearts and rejoiced half to death over his beloved little Side Hole, from which so much blessing comes to us, three poor little things in Shamokin, and we sang it from morning to late night. Today a few more Indians left from here to go to the hunt. In the evening Brother Christian and Brother and Sister Anton held a sweet and blessed Quarter of an Hour and after that we went to sleep in the arms of our Husband and our bodies enjoyed the first peaceful night for a week. On Sunday, the 15th we had had ShikellamyÕs eldest son, John, here for breakfast. He was friendly and modest, he told us that we would leave here today around midday to visit his wifeÕs friends. And everyone else who was still here left today also and so Shamokin became quite quiet and homely. We were quite content and blessed among us today. Brother Christian read the most favorite sermons from the Homilies on the Wounds and that was our Confect today that has a taste of strength and his body for us. Brother Anton went visiting and Christel spent the time in prayer. ON Monday the 16th ShikellamyÕs daughter arrived here with 4 children and soon after her arrival she came to visit us in our house and she showed herself to be very friendly towards us. On Wednesday the 18th an unknown Delaware came to us by the name of Labachpeter102 and he showed himself to be very friendly towards our Brother Anton and all of us. On Thursday, the 19th, Labachpeter visited us with another 3 Delaware Indians. On the Sabbath, the 21st, we had a blessed and quiet Sabbath. In the evening an unknown Delaware came to us from Thomas McGee. He was very hungry. We gave him something to eat. He behaved very well in our house. In the evening Brother Christian and Brother and Sister Anton held a blessed Quarter of an Hour. On Sunday, the 22nd ShikellamyÕs daughter visited us. She also ate at midday with us and was very friendly. We were especially blessed among ourselves and spent most of the day reading various sermons from the Homilies on the Wounds. In the evening we waited in great expectation for our dear heart David Zeisberger to return from Bethlehem. Three Delaware Indians came to visit us and gave us a present of a quarter of venison. ON Monday the 23rd two Shawnee Indians had some work done for them by Brother Anton in the smithy. In the evening two traders arrived here from Lancaster and brought with them two horses laden with goods. On Tuesday, the 24th Thomas Ton from ShikellamyÕs extended family [Freundschaft] arrived here with his wife and brought another Indian along. The traders visited us today and were very modest, also wanted work done by Brother Anton. This evening our neighbors dwelled on rum and spent the night drinking and making noise and it was impossible for us to sleep as they were raving so insanely. On Wednesday the 25th our neighbors misbehaved beyond all belief. One of the traders fell into the folly of drinking for a bet with them, but because he behaved very coarsely with his company, they covered his back with blows and that in a pretty tough Indian fashion on top. In the evening two warriors arrived here from the Catawbas. They came first into our house and warmed themselves by our fire. They could both speak English and had dressed themselves completely in Bear skins and colored their faces black so that they could look quite terrifying like the devil. On Thursday, the 26th James Logan and his wife and John Betty with his wife arrived here with several other Indains. We were soon visited by them. They had hoped that David [Zeisberger] would be back from Bethlehem, as they very much desired to see him. On Friday, the 27th Logan and his party departed from here again to go hunting across the Susquehanna and his brother John Senior came home today from visiting his wifeÕs Freundschaft [extended family] and brought several Tutelos with him. Also, an unknown Indian arrived here, who had owed Brother Anton 3 Thaler a long time ago and paid him and her was very friendly. On Saturday, the Sabbath, the 28th January ShikellamyÕs eldest son John visited us early on. Various unknown Indians arrived here today of different sortsÑMacqua, Shawnee and Tutelos. We had a blessed Sabbath among ourselves. Our dearest Husband was very close to our hearts the whole day and our thoughts turned to Bethlehem a great deal. We also waited with great expectation our dear heart David today. We hoped for his arrival until late into the evening. But we gave it up with pain. On Sunday the 29th we had some external disturbances. Some of the unknown Indians behaved very badly and senselessly and attempted to do burning sorrow to us. Several times we thought that they would tear our house down. Chrsitian took this very to heart and went away and thought about it a little in peace and felt great sympathy for them and from this feeling began to sing: Mein Gott du siehst die weiden Breit aus die FlŸgel beyde Suddenly everything went quiet and they all went away from our housse and for the rest of the time we were left in peace from by them. Otherwise we were happy, blessed, and comforted little doves in the Side Wound and the little Lamb did all things beautiful with us whenever things go crazy here. The Antons met up with David Zeisberger today and Christian was a happy house down here but especially with his little heart [Jesus] in the little Side Wound. On Monday the 30th of January, Thomas Dunn came home from the hunt and visited us several times. He was very friendly to us and so was Schaafman, a dear Indian whose friendliness shines out of his eyes. He told us that he would go back on the hunt in the morning. On Tuesday the 31st January several went out on the hunt and Shamokin became once again quite empty and quiet. February 1749, old style Diarist ÐChristian Rauch On Wednesday, the 1st several of the Tutelo Indians arrived here again. They occupied themselves with whisky in the evening and had a lot of fun through the night with it. On Thursday, the 2nd John Senior visited us with his wife and they stayed the whole afternoon with us and were both very friendly. On Friday the 3rd, John Senior, ShikellamyÕs eldest son left from here with the Tutelos to go on the hunt. So everything here in our neighborhood became very quiet again. On the Sabbath, the 4th, we held a blessed and peaceful Sabbath. We were much with our little spirits in Bethlehem with our dear and beloved hearts at our holy Love Feast and comforted ourselves that we would soon hear something through our dear David. In the evening Brother Christian and the Antons held a blessed Quarter of an Hour. On Sunday the 5th we were a little melancholy that David stayed away so long and didnÕt know what we should make of this. We comforted each other with various causes. Chrsitian and Anton set off in the afternoon to try to meet him at the Spangenberg (Mahotango mountain) but they returned home again without David. On Monday the 6th some of our neighbors returned from the hunt again. We fetched wood for the fire for our house. On Tuesday, the 7th nothing really happened. We were blessed and we enjoyed peace and quiet from the outside. On Wednesday and Thursday nothing happened once again. We were blessed and content among ourselves and were visited by some Delaware Indians who live in our neighborhood. On Friday the 10th of February Captain John, his [ShikellamyÕs] son returned from the hunt with his wife. [It is the same one that was in Bethlehem for a short time]. He laid his things down in our house for safekeeping and then went to the Delaware Indians in our neighborhood. He was very friendly to us. On the Sabbath, the 11th, we had the most lovely, sweet, blessed, contented and peaceful Sabbath. During our little Love Feast we especially thought of our precious hearts in Bethlehem. After this, Christian went to visit the Delaware Indians with Brother Anton but we could do nothing more there than be quiet and regard them with compassion. In the evening Captain John visited us with his son and his wife and Christian told them something of his most beloved little Lamb. He listened very attentively and said to everything, ÒkihelleÓ On Sunday the 12th we had many visits from the Delaware Indians. Brother Christian read several sermons of Brother Ludwig [Zinzendorf] to Brother and Sister Anton and also several chapters from the New Testament. In the evening he held a blessed Quarter of an Hour service with them. On Monday the 13th, because it was Brother AntonÕs birthday yesterday, and Sister CatharineÕs today, we held a most sweet and dear Love Feast where we spoke about several blessed matters of the heart and marriage and felt especially close to our bloody little Lamb then. On Tuesday, the 14th we were visited by several Indians. To our great joy, the dear heart Martin arrived for a visit here with David Zeisberger and our dear Jonathan, the Indian. We heardly knew what was happening as we were beside ourselves with joy. They brought us all kinds of sweetest and juicy little letters from our dear hearts in Bethlehem, that tasted like sweet honey to our hearts and were like a balsam to our hearts. We enjoyed them delectably until 2 oÕclock in the morning and then our dear little heart David held a short Quarter of an Hour and after this we went to sleep in the arms of our dear Mama.103 On Wednesday the 15th we read the news that dripped with blood to our great amazement.104 Our hearts praised the bloody Little Side and sang it one Gloria after another for it magnetic power, and for the truly bloody heavy rain.105 Christian and Martin held a very blessed conference with each other on the current circumstances in Shamokin. Also today, Captain JohnÕs son and his wife visited us.106 Jonathan told him something of the little Lamb. Afterwards David and Jonathan went visiting in the Delaware houses and distributed the greetings from Christian Renatus, that he had told him to send to his brothers and sisters and his Freundschaft here, and took this opportunity to tell them something of the dearest little Lamb, and how it hungered to save the souls of the Indians and how nowadays it was especially concerned with blessing them through his dear and loyal servants and also let the Indians know that he was one of them and that they should listen to him and not despise him. Thomas Ton (Dunn?) also visited us and needed to have something done in the smithy. Through him we let James Logan know that Brother Martin and David and Jonathan were here and that they had words to say to him from our Brothers. He should come to our house tomorrow. In the evening Jonathan and Martin went visiting in Shamokin and so we spent the day with much blessing and Brother Christian held a sweet and blessed Quarter of an Hour in the evening. Thursday, the 16th Jonathan held a very long conference with his old [friend] Christian at which a few tears were shed. Christian also wrote to the dear hearts in Bethlehem today. We also were visited by some Delaware Indians today. In the afternoon, our dear James Logan arrived here with his wife and his wifeÕs cousin (JonathanÕs fatherÕs brother) and his son and Thomas Ton [Dunn]. We received them with much love as they had warmed themselves by our fire and there was still no opportunity to hold council with them and so they went back to their homes. The dear heart Martin spoke with Brother and Sister Anton about the Communion107 that we were thinking of holding today. In the evening Logan and Thomas Dunn came to hold council with us, so then Martin and David were able to approach their affairs sweetly. Our little Lamb was palpably close and after everything was over they gave them the presents in the name of the Brothers as a sign of their love, for which they gave their definite and polite thanks. Jonathan found all that was happening to be very significant and he felt his heart stand still, burning for his fatherÕs brother and his daughter, LoganÕs wife. He went to visit them and preached the little Lamb to them for almost two hours and he had a whole houseful of listeners.108 When he returned from his visit, we held a sweet little Lovefeast during which Martin and Christian discussed many blessed matters. After the Lovefeast Brother Martin held a blessed and anointed Quarter of an Hour, and after that we threw ourselves as one at the feet of the little Lamb and begged him for forgiveness of all our trespasses. After this we gave each other the Kiss of Love and then we held the Communion of the Lamb. Oh, how powerfully the little Lamb showed himself to us is beyond words. At the enjoyment of the body and the warm blood of the little Side Wound we were almost beside ourselves. Quite in love, we fell at the feet of our dearest, true Soul Bridegroom with a holy blush of sinnerÕs shame and sang to him an ÒAve!Ó a ÒGloria to the Side Wound!Ó and kissed each other once more. So the little hearts went to sleep at around 2 oÕclock in the morning and for the rest of the night Christian wrote to his dear hearts in Bethlehem. ON Friday, the 17th the dear hearts Martin and Jonathon prepared themselves to leave again. We were visited quite early also by Logan and his wife and her father and Thomas Ton. Because they wanted to speak with Martin and Jonathon before they left. They all ate breakfast with us and Jonathon began once again to preach the text to them about the little Lamb and his bloody and magnetic little Sidehole. After breakfast the two hearts departed from here, after they had taken a hearty farewell from all the Indians here and from Anton Schmidt and his wife. LoganÕs wife was very moved and her ehart swam in tears, she had not quite finished talking to Jonathon and so she ran after him and her eyes were full of tears. She wanted to find out more from Jonathon and ask him about the bloody Savior, who loves sinners so much, and who loves to pull them into his Side Hole, and so she went half a mile after them and with Jonathon like a hungry calf or little sheep. Oh! Our hearts nearly broke into pieces on her behalf. Christian was full of tears also at the occasion that his dear Anna is not here and through Martin let the Brethren know his opinion and with Brother David accompanied Martin and Jonathon to Eva Creek.109 There they took leave of each other amid many hot tears of love. In the evening Brother Christian held a blessed Quarter of an Hour. On the Sabbath, the 18th February, out little Lamb was especially close to us with his bloody little Side Hole. We held a sweet love feast. In the afternoon, Phillip, a Delaware Indian visited us. Brother Christian preached to him about the slaughtered little Lamb with a heart full of burning love and hunger for his soul, to direct it to the little Side Hole. He listened very attentively. ON Sunday, the 19th, a Maqua Indian visited us from the Long Island, his name was Socizi—wonhe. Brother Anton was to do something for him. He asked us if it were true, what he had heard, that shortly before the SwataneÕs end, he had visited us. He also asked us if we would not come soon to the Long Island to visited him. We answered him, perhaps. David visited the Schafman who returned yesterday from the hunt. Christian and David also went visiting yesterday in the Delaware huts. In the evening, Brother Christian held a blessed and anointed Quarter of an Hour. On Monday, 20th February nothing new happened. Everything was quiet in Shamokin and we were ahppy and content in the dearest little Side Hole of our Husband. On Tuesday, the 21st many Indians returned from the hunt today to fetch provisions, but left again very quickly. A few visited us, and we did so also in return. On Wednesday, the 22nd almost everyone in Shamokin travelled to Thomas McGee to sell skins there and fetch whisky. John Petty and Thomas Dunn (TON)also came home and visited us, also Schafman. On Thursday, the 23rd some of our neighbors came home and brought whisky with them and soon opened it up and were reveling all night through with it. The Mohican woman visited us today and was very friendly to us. We also gave her some turnips because she wanted to return to her husband, James Logan, today. ON Friday, 24th our neighbors continued to amuse themselves with whisky and carried on a terrible noise all day and sometimes got into nonsense and fights on account of it, and their weapons in this were firebrands. John Petty and Thomas Dunn (Ton) returned from the bush to visit with us. We believed that they came to make sure that no harm came to us. They also resisted temptation and did not get into the drink. On the Sabbath, the 25th, we had a peaceful and blessed Sabbath. Everything around us was also very quiet. Our neighbors were very tired, they slept almost the whole day and we were joyful and blessed in the wound of our bloody Husband and in our hearts were much with our hearts of tears (fellow Moravians) in Bethlehem and on their travels, and everywhere. On Sunday the 26th we had some visits from Indians. David also went out today and looked around in Shamokin. We were unspeakably happy in the dearest little Dide Hole of our Husband. In the evening Christian held a very sweet and blessed little Quarter of an Hour. On Monday the 27th Indians came here again with whisky. John Petty visited us today and spoke a lot with Davis, told him that his brothers would soon come and then not go on the hunt again. He showed himself to be very friendly. Thomas Dunn also came to visit us and we invited him to eat at midday with us and that was very important to him. On Tuesday the 28th we were visited again by Thomas Dunn and John Petty. ShikellamyÕs daughter also came to visit us. We gave her something to eat because we believed that she was in need and had nothing more to cook so we shared corn and beans with her for which she thanked us greatly and admitted that she had nothing more to eat with her children and so it was a great joy to us that we could give her something. March Wednesday, March 1 nothing really happened. We were very content among ourselves and everything was very peaceful from without in Shamokin. On Thursday and Friday everything was very quiet here and nothing much happened. Christian and David both went out to shoot ducks on the Susquehanna. On the Sabbath, the 4th of March we held a very blessed and content Sabbath. We were much with our hearts in Bethlehem and also thought much about the Brothers and Sisters who were coming to us from Europe, also about our dear Johannes, and everything. In the morning already we had visits from the Indians Thomas Dunn and John Petty and their wives were with us a lot today. We invited them to eat breakfast with us and they were very friendly and grateful and we belived that they were very hungry. In the evening, 3 warriors came here from the Catawbas (country). All three of them were Shawnee and tall, strong and very handsome and attractive Indians. On Sunday the 5th, the tall woman, ShickellamyÕs daughter visited us. She was in need as she had nothing to eat. She bemoaned her state so that we wanted to cry tears of blood. We gave her and her children something to eat and there was much joy at this and we gave her Indian corn and beans so that she could live for a while. The warriors were in her house, and she very much wanted to give them something and as she received something from us she was happy that she could give the poor hungry people something too. The warriors, along with Thomas Dunn, visited us this morning and were very friendly and modest towards us. In the afternoon 2 Delaware returned from Thomas McGeeÕs and brought much whisky with the. One of the, suddenly died a few hours after his arrival. He was the youngest son of Brother Christian RenatusÕ sister. A tall, handsome Indian. Everyone assumed that it was the whisky that was the cause of his sudden death, as he had been a great friend of it. On Monday the 6th, Daniel a Delaware Indian visited us in the morning and let us know that his youngest brother had died and whether we would do him the favor of making a coffin for him, because he was all alone at home, his mother and brother and other siblings were still at Thomas McGeeÕs. We assured him of our willingness to do this and Brother Anton went with him to see his brother and to measure his length. The three warriors opened up the whisky today and had a great revelry with it. Finally everyone, who was in Shamokin, young and old, was sucked in. On Tuesday, the 7th of March Brothers David and Anton made a coffin for the Delaware Indian. It was also a very somber time in Shamokin today. Everyone was drunk and they rolled around in the dirt like pigs and bellowed the whole night like rabid animals and got into fights so that murder and death almost came out of this and so they continued with this. Wednesday, the 8th March things were almost worse than yesterday. Everything looked so pitiful, who ever was sober fled into the bush and brought their flints and axes to our house for safekeeping (to prevent more accidents). Like poor little chickens we commended ourselves to the little Lamb for safety under his wings, and he loyally protected us through all the tumult. They would really have liked to bury the Delaware today but there was no one who could do it as they were all drunk beyond reason. On Thursday, the 9th March the Indians who were still half drunk tried to bury the Delaware Indian because he smelled very badly. But it was a pitiful affair. Christian and David and Anton were also at the burial. Hardly did they have him in the ground than the whisky had to hold sway again. They drank to such an extent that one could hardly think other than it would start shooting flames out of their mouths again. John Petty and Thomas Dorn and their wives had also succumbed to this folly and Thomas Dorn almost beat his wife to death today, And so it went on the whole night so that one could hardly shut ones eyes on account of the terrible noise. On Saturday [sic] (Friday) the 10th everything was very empty and quiet in Shamokin until the evening. Then they began to drink the DelawaresÕ whisky and got very happy by about half past eleven and then they all went home happy and lusty. On the Sabbath, the 11th March everything in our neighborhood was very quiet. The whisky was all gone and their bodies were all tormented and tired. Almost everyone was sick and sleepy and so we were able to hold a very sweet Sabbath. It was also so homely [Heimlich] as though there were no other people in Shamokin except us. We held a sweet and blessed love feast during which we thought as Christans of our dear hearts in Bethlehem. In the evening Borhter Christian held a blessed Quarter of an Hour Service. We thanked the little Lamb that He dealt with us so beautifully in Shamokin. He allows us to see tangibly that He is with us, among us, and at home with us in Shamokin and that he holds his hands over us. It humbled us all very much to see what kind of loyalty He had shown us throughout the week. On Sunday 12th March the Indians came to visit us, fetched their flints and axes out of our house again. Some however hardly wanted to show their faces to us for shame, for they looked so pitiful, so pale and sickly, as though they had just risen from the grave. Some were driven by their great hunger to hunt for ducks. Brother Christian held a blessed Quarter of an Hour service in the evening. On Monday, the 13th an Indian brought whisky here again and so they started with the drinking again in the evening and were very rowdy again the whole night through. On Tuesday, the 14th we worked on our Fence and tried to fix it with new boards because this winter our neighbors had burned quite a few of the boards without our knowledge. On Wednesday, the 15th we continued to work on the Fence. However, some Indians came to us and complained to us of their great hunger. We opened our gentle hand to them because they made us feel sorry for them. On Thursday, the 16th, John Petty and his wife and Thomas Dunn and his wife left here to go to Logan, who is catching beavers around Thomas McGees. They reassured us that they would return soon. On Friday the 17th ShikellamyÕs daughter came to visit us to let us know of her great hunger. We gave her some beans and Argritgens110 so that she had some food for her children. Christian felt slightly ill in his body today. On the Sabbath, the 18th, two Germans came here from Tulpehocken. They said they were traders but their appearance was not that of traders. They both seemed very suspicious to us. They only stayed with us for a few minutes and then they continued with their intention and went on to Wyoming, Some Indians also came to visit us today. After our little love feast, during which we were quite blessed, Anton and they [Sie]? Went to visit the Delawared, but found none at home. The men were all out on the hunt. In the evening Christian held a sweet and blessed Quarter of an Hour service. On Sunday, the 19th March we were particularly blessed and content among ourselves. Thought a lot today about our dear hearts everywhere . In the afternoon four Tutelos arrived here. One of them was ShikellamyÕs previous wife who he had taken at the end. Otherwise not much happened. On Monday the 20th March ShikellamyÕs previous wife and her husband came to visit us. Christian tested to see if he had ears to hear something about the Savior but he wanted to hear nothing of it. Christian took in his sails again. In the afternoon three canoes full of Indians went past here. They stopped here for an hour. They had brought work for the smithy that they wanted to have ready went they returned from Thomas McGeeÕs, They had loaded their canoes with skins and Indian corn. In the evening 2 Nanticokes arrived here from the hunt and were retuning home to Wyoming [Valley]. One of them visited us. He was a well-behaved man. He was also hungry. We gave him something to eat. He complained greatly about our Indians here, that they were the most dissolute and drunken people that he knew among the Indians and he would not want to live here for all the world. He told us that a woman from here had brought a lot of whisky back to Shamokin. These Indians who loved drink were very happy about her arrival. On Tuesday, the 21st March the Nanticoke visited us again and complained that he had almost frozen in the night. He wanted to warm himself by our fire and because we believed that his hosts here would not have given him anything to eat, we invited him to eat breakfast with us. The man was very grateful and he said that he was very hungry and he was very freidnly and modest towards us and because it was raining so hard today he would stay in Shamokin. This evening a few Delaware Indians visited us. On Wednesday the 22nd March the two Nanticokes left here. Beforehand they came into our house to say goodbye. Otherwise nothing much happened. On Thursday the 23rd almost all the Indians here left to go to Thomas McGee. So Shamokin became quite empty . Only two women and a few children were left. On Friday, the 24th four Indians from the Long Island arrived. They had been hunting there. Two came to see us immediately and one of them was the son of Captain John [Shikellamy]. He was especially friendly to Brother Christian and called him his brother and Christian began to tell him about the Savior again. He listened carefully. In the afternoon Christian and David went to visit the other two. They were resting by the Susquehanna. One of them was called Jacob VorsŠnger. In the evening Brother Christian held a blessed Quarter of an Hour. On the Sabbath, the 25th we were in our hearts with our dear hearts in Bethlehem. We had a sweet Love Feast during which we were unspeakably happy. In the afternoon the two Germans who had been here a week ago returned from Wyomingin a canoe. Two miles from us they had shot a stag and they wanted to give it to us. We thanked them and said that we did not need it as much as the poor Indians here who had nothing to eat. And so the stag came to the Indians. They were very happy about it. Logan also came back from the hunt with his whole retinue. We visited them soon after his arrival.. Also three Irish Traders arrived here from Wyoming and three Shawnees. They brought news that a Shawnee in the area of Wyoming had been beaten to death by another Indian and the son of the slain man was right now in Shamokin. He became very downcast at the news. The two Germans travelled on today. Also the Irish men. But the three Shawnee stayed here. Jakob Vorsinger came to visit us this evening and Brother Christian told him much about the Savior and this warmed ChristianÕs heart. On Sunday, the 26th March, on Easter Day, we rose after midnight and celebrated a small and sweet Love Feast among ourselves. And at the same time our little hearts rejoiced with our dear brothers and sisters of the heart in Bethlehem over our very dearest little Lamb and his bloody little Hole. We felt quite remarkable in our thoughts about our brothers and sisters. Christian spent the whole night happily on watch. In the morning as the day broke we went to our dear Brother HagenÕs gravesite and rejoiced childlike. 111 Christian and David visited Logan today and the Blackfish and Shawnee who were staying in his house. He told us that John Petty and Thomas Dorn were going to make the trip to Onondago and soon. But they were not sure how soon. [sic] We saw that they had almost nothing to eat and so the feeling entered into Christian heart to give them something and he called LoganÕs wife the Mohican woman into our house and gave her a Thšnen of Indian corn seeds, which he had shucked on Friday and in addition baked peaches and grits and beans. The presents were great and quite a wonder and joy to her. In the evening Brother Christian held a sweet and blessed Quarter of an Hour. ON Monday the 27th March Christian and David visited Logan and he told us that he was waiting for many Maqua Indians here [Iroquois] who were to dance here. We were also visited by various Indians today. In the evening the few Indians who were already here started to practice their dances. On Tuesday, the 28th three Maqua Indians arrived here from the Long Island. Two of them came to visit us shortly after they arrived. We gave them something to eat. Today a few Delaware also travelled to Tulpehocken. In the evening they were very jolly here and danced half the night; alternately, the men and the women. Christian and David watched. On Wednesday, the 29th we received many visits from the Indians. Logan came to visit us also with the Maqua Indians who had arrived yesterday. Also the eldest son of Shikellamy, John, came home today and many Indians with him. In the evening John Senior, James Logan, John Petty and Thomas Dorn came to our house and had to hold council with each other about several issues. They were unable to do this in any other house but ours because almost all the other houses were full. They did this until 10 in the evening. They showed themselves to be all very friendly and modest to us. Afterwards they began to dance again. On Thursday the 30th of March a trader with several Indians arrived here from the Long Island. The trader continued on today to Thomas McGeeÕs. Christian opened CatharineÕs veins today. Afterwards he went to visit Logan with David. We were much visited today by the Indians but most of all by the Indian women. Today everything was very quiet in Shamokin. We bought a canoe today from ShikellamyÕs eldest son for 30 Shillings. [John Senior told the Maqua Indians about Bethlehem today] On Friday, the 31st Catharine was sickly. Brothers Christian and David took care of her work. We both visited today in LoganÕs hut. We invited Logan and his two brothers and Thomas Dorn to eat with us a noon. We had roasted a rib of venison and with it we had cooked baked peaches and they liked this very much. After eating we smoked a pipe of tobacco with them and during this they started talking again about the trip to Onondago and immediately ordered David to write a letter to the Brothers in Bethlehem to let them know. And they also took this opportunity to give Christian an Indian name, Tschigochgoharong, because the name Christian was difficult for Indians to pronounce. ThatÕs why they wanted to give him another name that would become known among the Indians. We were extremely friendly today. After all this was over we gave John Seniors and John Betty and the SwataneÕs daughterÕs daughter each a Bar Lauscher because they had not received anything and the last time Brother Martin had not been here. ON the Sabbath, the 1st April (o.s.) almost everyone in the area went on the hunt to get meat because they intend to make a great sacrifice. Weh ad a sweet Love Feast today and were very happy. On Sunday, the 2nd of April Christian prepared himself for the journey to Bethlehem ad spoke before hand with the bothers and sisters about everything he deemed necessary to remind them of and in the evening he held a blessed Quarter of an Hour. Translation Shamokin Diary April 1749 Diarist David Zeisberger On Monday 3rd, April 1749 our dear little heart Christel Rauch departed from Shamokin to Bethlehem and David accompanied him to his night camp. The Indian festival was concluded today with a dance, after they had made music and danced the whole night and straight afterwards whisky had to hold sway and then in a few minutes everything was mad and full of men folk and they tore about terribly that they almost killed each other. On Tuesday, the 4th, David came home again and brought many cordial little greetings and kisses to Brother and Sister Smith from Brother Christel, whom he had left at the foot of the ThŸrnstein mountain, well and healthy. The Indains continued with drinking today. Some were already so ill that they could take no more. But they left us quite undisturbed. On the 5th and 6th everyone dispersed from here. Most of them went home, some to the hunt, and so Shamokin became quite empty again. On the 8th, Saturday, we celebrated a peaceful and contented Sabbath and our hearts were much with our brothers and sisters in Bethlehem. We were also visited today by Logan and his wife who told us that he was thinking of going up the river to Womphallepang112 to fetch Indian corn for his family because they had nothing more to eat and that Blackfish, who had lived last year in Womphallepang and who had often visited our brothers and sisters in GandenhŸtten and who had even stayed there for a while, was going to plant there this summer. We gave them some Indian corn for the journey because they had none. He told David all kinds of historical matters that related to the Indians of several nations. On Sunday, the 9th, Logan and Blackfish left here [deleted material] and there was no-one left at home but an old woman. On Monday, the 10th an Indian came down from up north, a Cayuga by the name of Tianoge, who claimed to still remember seeing TÕgirhotondi113 and Ganosserachen114 in Onandago four years ago. He bewailed the death of the Swatane greatly who had been his great friend. He asked whether or not we wanted to visit them again? David told him perhaps soon. He was very pleased that David could converse with him, and said that he should make the effort to learn their language, which he also promised him to do. He recounted how he had heard much about us, that we loved the Indians, and that we were their brothers. David told him that, yes we did love the Indians and that they were our Brothers. At that he gave David his hand and said, ÒOhÕoh niawo nÕtwatathege,Ó ÒI am so happy that you are our Brothers.Ó David asked him, whether the Great Councils of the 5 Nations were considering coming down here this summer? He said, yes, as soon as the bark peeled from the trees so that they could make canoes, they would probably come. They would have come down a year ago, but they had been held up for a long time in Albany, that is why they had not been able to come, because it had become too late. He himself had been present there, that is why he had received the beautiful jacket (Rock) he was wearing, which was embroidered with golden fringes (Tressen). He also recounted how he had hunted with Henrich, of the Maqua lands, who had already lodged with David, this past winter on the Oztonwake Creek115, only two days journey from here, where Henrich still was with his family. But he was thinking about making a journey to Conrad Weiser, whom he knew well, to speak with him and then he would return and travel home. He needed something done to his flintlock, which Brother Anton did for him for free. On the 11th, Tuesday, he left here, and we gave him something to eat for the way. He complained that hereabouts there was such a famine and there was nothing to eat, and that when the 5 Nations finally came down they would have nothing to eat. He gave us all his hand and bade us adieu. Today a Tuscaroras and a Shawnee came through, who were coming from a war. They had brought two scalps with them. The first one has come from Wahochquage,116 a large city (as one says) of the Tuscaroras, 2 days journey from Tioga near Shohari. There also arrived SwataneÕs grandson down from Ohio and visited us, also brought work for the smith. On Wednesday, the 12th a Delaware woman, our neighbor, who visits us diligently, visited Sister Catherine today, and told her that PhilipÕs house was haunted at night and that she was afraid to be there alone because her people had all gone to Tulpehocken. Catherine asked her what she thought it might be. She said she did not know. Doubtless it is PhilipÕs brother who had drunk himself to death. On Wednesday, the 19th John Shikellamy came home again. He told us that he had met Conrad Weiser on the way to Shamokin to bring them gifts from the Government. David asked him whether he had told Conrad that they were undertaking a journey to the 5 Nations, and he said yes. Whether he had also asked him that we would go along, he said yes, whereupon David asked him what he had to say to that. He had had nothing more to say to that, other than he had considered it a good thing that Ganosserarheri was going along because he understood the language. He also told us that Oztonawakin was going to be inhabited again by the Maquas and the Cayugas, who were coming down from up north. The one called Tianoge was going to plant there this summer, but only after a trip to Onondago. He also said that there were many Delaware on the West River (Branch), who would plant seed this summer. On Thursday, the 20th John Shikellamy left again to go to Tgochari to his wifeÕs people (Freundschaft). He complained that there was nothing here to eat and when he came home he would be hungry. That is why he could not stay home a great deal and that he had had nothing to eat since he had been here. We gave him something for the journey. He was very friendly and aufgerŠumt. On the 22nd it was very quiet here and we were almost completely alone, but we were quite happy and content in the Side hole and the Lamb was among us with his most beloved Sidehole, so that we could feel it. Today one of our neighbors, Schaafman, visited us, a well-mannered Indian. He told us that the government had placed John Shikellamy in the SwataneÕs place, because his father had died and that Courdeoerren had sent a Fathom of Wampum to the 5 Nations with Tiagone the Cayuga, who was travelling up to Onondago. He complained greatly that the Indians here drank so much and drank away all they had. David said to him, yes, that was true, but the poor Indians could do nothing else because they were under the influence of the Evil Spirit, and that the Evil Spirit ruled over them. However, if one of them would come to know the Savior and love him, he would not think about doing evil anymore, and that is why we had great sympathy with the poor Indians, because they did not know God, who loved them so remarkably and had died for them and had spilt his blood for them so that they could be blessed, if they only chose to be, which they could not do, that is why they had to sin and do evil. He said to all this, Òtegerge,Ó Òthat is true,Ó and was very friendly. On Monday, the 24th Logan came home again and with him came an Indian from Melolamekok who visited us immediately and was very friendly to us. He told us that he had been in Bethlehem 9 days ago and had seen 9 Indians from Melolalomekok being baptized, whom Brother Cammerhof and another Brother had baptized. He also told us that he had spoken with Brother Christel in Bethlehem who had comforted him with the news that in a week someone would be leaving Bethlehem for Shamokin. There also came another, Armstrong, a Delaware Indian, who had lived for a winter in GnadenhŸtten and now lived some 40 miles beyond Wyoming on the Susquehanna. He was very friendly and modest with us. We took them in with friendship and gave them something to eat. On the 25th John Shikellamy came back home again, visited us diligently. He is very friendly to us and carries himself with dignity. He is diligently teaching David to speak Cayuga. He has a good talent for teaching. There was also much dancing today, as the Indians from Melolalomekok sat among them and did not dance, he is different from the others. On the 26th Logan visited us and had a long discourse with David. He pointed out a great enmity with the Delaware because he believes that they have the power of evil witchcraft and they bewitched his child and also his wife and that is why they are never well. For he thinks that they had forgiven them and that is why the Delaware all moved away from here and dispersed themselves like others because they were killing each other. On Saurday the 29th, we looked carefully for our brothers and sisters from Bethlehem. David also went out to look for the brothers but did not meet with any. On Monday, the 1st May, our dear hearts Christel and Andres arrived here. We rejoiced and were very dear to each other and spent the day listening to the joyous news that our dear hearts had brought with them and with love. On the 2nd, Tuesday, we brought our business to Logan. The other brothers were not at home. He was content with everything that was proposed to him. We also began to plant our corn today. On the 3rd May, Wednesday, Brothers Anton and David went down the Susquehanna to the traders to fetch iron. Because our horses had run away, Brother Christel went out to look for them and came back in the evening, but had not found them. On the 4th, Thursday, two Indians arrived from Nescopeck, NutimesÕ two sons, and brought work for the smithy. They stayed in our house for quite a while and were quite friendly. They told us that their house and everything that they had had been burned by a bush fire because no-one had been home who could have extinguished it. ON the 5th, Friday, Christian spoke a lot with NutimesÕ sons and told them about the Savior. They were very attentive and alert and very hungry to hear something of the little Lamb. They also had little in common with the local Indians but rather stayed with us for most of the time. Although there was much dancing and music, these two kept themselves apart. Armstrong, a Delaware, arrived here today also and Brother Christian preached to him about the Savior and his little Side Hole. On the 6th, Saturday, Brothers Anton and David returned home again and just at the right time because the water was already so high from the heavy rains that towards the end of their journey they could not continue and half a mile from Shamokin had had to chop through a tree that lay across the water so that they could get away from the bank. Otherwise whisky showed itself to hold sway among the Indians. On the 7th, Sunday, we told Logan that our horses had run away and asked if he could help us out of our dilemma and lend us a horse for Catharine. He promised to fetch one for us and to allow two Indians to accompany us who had to bring some things back from Tulpehockem for him on horseback. Our Brother and Sister Anton [Schmidt] and Brother Christian prepared for a journey to Bethlehem in the early morning. On Monday, the 8th May, because the water was still very high, David rode to Eva Creek to see if it was possible to cross, but found that it was impossible. So the brothers and sisters had to stay here today. On Tuesday, the 9th, our brothers and sisters left from here on their way to Bethlehem. Because Eva Creek was still very high, David and a Shawnee Indian carried a canoe on their shoulders to the Eva Creek and put our brothers and sisters safely on the opposite shore and waded across with the horses. The farewell was a little painful and David walked back home quite alone and in fact a little melancholy. Once he got home, whisky had once again become the master over the people. Logan and John had resolved not to drink and so they his themselves the whole day. John locked himself in his store house and Logan camped out in our garden under the trees and also slept the night there. He told David that he was afraid of the drunken people as they set off looking for him and wanted to get him to drink but he did not want to do this. On the 12th we received news through the Indians who had gone with our brothers and sister to Tulpehocken that they had arrived safely in Tulpehocken. On the 13th and 14th it was quite rowdy in Shamokin. There were many people gathered and they continued drinking. David visited Tachnecht—ris [John Shikellamy] in his store house, where he had locked himself in. He said that the Delawares had been tormenting him so much and had been working on him the whole week, that they wanted to get him to drink and that is why he had shut himself in. Because he knew that it came from the devil. David said, yes, that was really true, it was just a deception of Satan, because when they were all a little sober again then they would all be so sick that they had ruined their houses through drink. John said also that he was thinking of going to Philadelphia with the Five Nations and he wanted to visit TÕgirhitondy there. Sawonagarat, an Indian, our neighbor, came down from Wyoming and brought news that the messengers of the Five Nations were there in Wyoming and that they were expecting them there any day now. We were in Bethlehem in our hearts a great deal over today and yesterday and were quite blessed and content in the little Side Hole. On the 15th, Monday, the Indian from Melolalomekok who wanted to find his sister, visited us again. But he had not met up with her and now wanted to go down the Susquehanna to Juniata on the hunt. David spoke to him a great deal about the Savior and told him that he should not forget what he had heard in Bethlehem. He said that he never wanted to forget it because when he was in Bethlehem he had felt something in his heart that he would never forget. He had also felt a great desire to be baptized and when he returned home again, which would happen in two months, he wanted to visit the Brothers and Sisters in Bethlehem again. On the 20th Blackfish and Logan asked fervently that we plough a piece of landfor them on which they could plant Indian corn, because they could not plough. They would like to pay us for this. We said, we would be happy to do it for them for nothing if only we had the time, but at the moment we were by ourselves that we didnÕt have the time. In the evening 3 Indians came to us from the Nanticokes at Juniata. They are moving up to Wyoming and more will follow. They stayed with us until late into the night, they were very hungry. We gave them something to eat for which they were very happy and grateful. They wanted to lodge with us, but we said that we did not put up any Indians, and had not ever done so yet. The Indians here had a big house and they would prefer it if they stayed there over night. They were shy however and did not want to go to the Indians, rather they said if they were not permitted to stay with us then they would rather go into the bush.117 Because a heavy rain and thunderstorm came then we said that they should stay where they were, it would be rough sleeping in the bush, they would have no hut and no fire and on tp of that it was very dark. They were very happy. On Monday, the 22nd seven canoes full of Nanticoke came through here and many more on foot travelling up to Wyoming. They are very good people and can also speak English well. On Tuesday, 23rd, Logan and Blackfish once asked David fervently that he should plough for him. David said he would go out with Blackfish and show him how to do it, he could learn it and would plough four acres for him and the rest he could do himself. On the 24th Shamokin became quite empty again. Everyone was going off to hunt. On Saturday, the 27th, most of them came back from the hunt and immediately everything was crowded and crazy and they raced around throughout the whole day and night like never before. Many of the young men came to us and wanted to sleep in our house, said they were afraid of the drunken people. We turned them away gently. The womenfolk camped out on our land to be safe. We were quite happy with each other in the little Side Hole and commended ourselves to the little Lamb. On the 28th, quite unexpectedly, our dear brothers Kunz and Marks Kieffer arrived here. They had spent the previous night in heavy rain as they could not make a fire. Because they had got completely soaked by lying up on the top of the Spangenberg [mountain[ and had woven one tree through another to try to get some warmth because they did not know that they were so close to Shamokin, in the morning they had to cut down another tree over the Eva Creek that was quite high so that they could get across. They told us that they had got lost up on the ThŸrnstein and had taken the wrong path when they were about 30 miles from Shamokin and had come on the Susquehanna. We were so happy with each other and thanked the little Lamb that they had found their way. They also arrived at quite a bad time as it was quite stormy and troubled because of the drunken Indians. They brought us many joyous tidings from Brother Johannes from [St.] Thomas and also from the brothers and sisters who had come from Europe. On the 29th David went up into the mountains to see if he could find the horses that we had lost last week and came back towards evening but had not found them. A Delaware from Tgochari wanted to sleep here this evening. We tried to show him the best we could that he should go to the Indians, that they had a big house, and that our house was not for the Indians to lodge in. On the 31st May, Friday, Brother Kunz left from here for Bethlehem. David accompanied him to his night camp. The drunken Indians ran around a lot this night, in the morning very early we heard straight away that David, a Delaware Indian had been killed this night by the Maqua, because he was supposed to have been a great magician and had cursed many Indians. His brother Daniel came and wanted to have a coffin measured up for him. We told him that we could not do it because we had never made one before.118 And then they buried him according to Indian manners in the Delaware burial place.119 He was very beaten and stabbed all over his body. On Thursday, June 1, David came home and discovered his 2 brothers happy and content together. Everything was very quiet again in Shamokin and the one who had killed the Indian walked around very proud and boasted that he had been such a hero. On Saturday, the 3rd, Logan came very early and said that they all wanted to go on the hunt today. The reason for this was that Blackfish wanted to make an offering of three stag. On Sunday, the 4th, they returned home again and they brought 4 stag and three of them were sacrificed tonight, during which everything proceeded very solemnly. Even the bones were thrown into the fire so that no dog could eat them.120 On Monday the 5th Jeremias the Indian arrived here from Bethlehem to visit us. He said that he and Christoph had been on a hunting expedition in the mountains. He was quite weak, he said that he soon wanted to return to Bethlehem as he had already been in the bush too long. On Tuesday, 6th Jun121e Jeremias left again. He was very content and was happy that he would soon be with the Brothers again. The Indians here wondered at him a great deal and could not take their eyes off him. On Wednesday, 8th June, four canoes full of warriors arrived here [from the FlatheadsÑdeleted matter]. They brought 2 scalps. On Thursday, the 9th 30 more warriors arrived by land. They brought three prisoners with them, two men and a little girl. As they were still a ways from the town they called out in the war cry and made their presence known. The Indians here sent someone out to meet them and to invite them in and the whole of Shamokin collected in front of the houses and let the warriors pass and their prisoners. They took them off them and tied them to a stake, They had to do a little dance first and once that was over, they led them in here and everyone who could let forth a blow and wanted to, began to beat them in a quite barbaric fashion, some with sticks, some with their fists, so that blood flowed. One of them [the prisoners] was quite old and could not run quickly. He received many blows and as he ran he fell from the many blows. Once they were in the houses they stopped beating them. They did nothing to the little girl. The womenfolk took her and treated her kindly. Ones heart wanted to burst to see how they treated them. Once they were in the house they bound up their wounds again and soon after the Indians gathered who lived around here and made their prisoners dance around them and made fun of their enemies. In the evening the warriors danced with their prisoners. Three of the chiefs of the Five Nations came down here from Wyoming where they had been staying for a while. On the 10th and 11th of June we were visited by many warriors. They behaved very nicely and well and most of them were quite gentle people and as big as giants. They discussed matters at length with David, asked a lot where we lived, what kind of people we were, then they asked at length whether we had anything to sell. We told them however that we were not traders but rather that the smith worked for the Indians whenever they needed something done. We loved them and liked to help them. Most of them were Onondago, even the prisoners who they had brought belonged to them. On Monday, the 12th in the early morning Logan came and said that they would like the rest of the war party who were still down in the settlements drinking whisky to come up to Shamokin because they wanted to travel to Lancaster with the three councils of the Five Nations who had come down here. That is why they had agreed to send two messengers down to fetch them. That is why David, in the name of John Shikellamy , Logan and John Petty should write a letter to the settlements that they should give them any more whisky so that they would leave. David did this and wrote a letter in their name. The three chiefs of the Five Nations visited us also. They were very polite and modest. We gave them a meal and they also asked where we lived. They told us where they lived and that they were thinking now of going to Lancaster to hold a council with the government. [deleted matter] They also visited Anders in his smithy. Most of the warriors left today. All in all there were about 50 of them. On Tuesday, the 13th John left here with the three chiefs to go to Tulpehocken to Conrad WeiserÕs. On Wednesday, the 14th June some warriors visited us again and told David all kinds of things. On Thursday, the 15th Logan and all of Shamokin, with the exception of the Delawares, left here for Lancaster and no-one stayed home except Blackfish. On Saturday and Sunday, the 17th nd 18th it was very quiet in Shamokin like it hasnÕt been in a long while. We were blessed hearts together in the little Side Hole and made ourselves quite comfortable in there. ON the 1 and 2 July we were visited by many unknown Indians, who brought work to the smithy. They were not very happy that they had to wait for two days but rather would have preferred that the smith work on the Sabbath and Sunday and did their work for them. On the 3rd the Savior protected David quite especially from a serious accident as an Indian was trying out his flint and David came to the Susquehanna at just that moment that it went off and heard the ball zoom past his head because the little Lamb had allowed it to so come to pass that he shot a few feet above the target otherwise he would have accurately hit the head or neck. The Indians were very surprised when they saw him. On Friday, the 7th July warriors came here again from the war. They brought the news with them that one of them had recently been stabbed at the mill.122 The SwataneÕs eldest daughter, who had recently arrived here, visited us today, discoursed long with David, mourned her fatherÕs death greatly, because they had now become pathetic people, as she said. She asked where we lived and whether we all lived so closely together like the people here in Shamokin. David also told her that the Swatane had been in Bethlehem the previous autumn and that he liked it very much. We gave her some beans. She said she had nothing left to eat because the Indian corn in the neighbourhood had all been eaten. On the 13th the Nanticokes from Wyoming arrived here. One of them said, how could it happen that they were not visited this year by our brothers. We had otherwise visited them every year at least once. We told them that we thought someone from Bethlehem would come to visit them soon. On the 14th of July some Cayuga from not far from Tioga arrived here. They brought work for the smith. They were very well behaved and modest people. They discoursed at length with David. On the 15th, two traders arrived here [they accompaniedÑdeleted] ShikellamyÕs grandchild had a young stallion, which they wanted because they said it belonged to them, thatÕs why the traders wanted it. David was supposed to translate for them and help them strengthen their case, so that the Indian believed them. But David said he understood nothing of such things and did not want to get involved. The Indian understood Delaware, he could speak to him himself. He gave the Indian a blanket and a pair of moccasins so that he should be content. Because we really needed salt and a few other things and we would really have liked to borrow a horse from the Indian we spoke to ShikellamyÕs daughterÕs daughterÕs husband about it. He was immediately willing and gave us his horse so that we could go to Tulpehocken to fetch some things. On the 16th July, quite late at night, Brothers Henrich Frey and Anton Schmidt arrived here and brought us many glad tidings from Bethlehem. On the 18th David and Henrich Frey went down to Thomas McGeeÕs to fetch our canoe, after we had lent it to some of his people and he had not brought it back although he had promised to bring it back in two days. ON the 19th David and Henrich came home again but were not able to get the canoe as they had taken it down the Susquehanna. They met Logan on the way who was coming back from Philadelphia and who seemed very contented. He soon told us that he had seen TÕgirhitonty, Tecarihontiie, Gallichwio and any other of our brothers in Philadelphia and had spoken with them. On the 20th July two of the Chiefs of the Five Nations arrived here and brought news that the others were on their way down here and that they had left them in Tioga, but they would arrive here in perhaps five days. ON the 21st, because we were short of provisions, and the three Seneca who had been in Philadelphia did not arrive, our two brothers Andreas Bezold and Markus Kieffer went to fetch some from Tulpehocken with our two horses. John and his family arrived here and told David in a friendly fashion everything that he had seen and heard in Philadelphia. ON the 22nd the two Chiefs of the Five Nations who had recently arrived came to visit us. One is an Onondago and the other a Seneca. They spoke at length with Ganosseracheri [Zeisberger] and told him many things. On the 24th the three Seneca from Philadelphia arrived here. They were very cordial. They asked to be allowed to lodge in our house, which we did then permit; because there were many of them we said that we would now have little to eat, and that our stores of provisions had all been depleted. But we still had Indian corn and beans fow which they were very grateful and said countless times, ÒNiawoÓ for it and had great sympathy for us. The whisky began to show itself as important in Shamokin. On the 25th July, our brothers Andreas Bezold and Markus Kieffer arrived from Tulpehocken and brought some provisions with them, but had both become slightly ill on the way and both got a strong attack of fever. Four canoes full of warriors arrived here who were going into war. They were hardly her for more than a few hours than everyone was drunk and raged thourghout the night in a pitiful manner. It was a true Zottergeschrei among them. But we were left in good peace by them. On the 26th July the drinking continued. The drunken Indians visited us often. But tried to be as polite as they could and spoke with us in a brotherly fashion for they all know that we are their brothers. We also spoke with the three Senecas and gave them the presents [shirts] and said to themÓ this is what Brothers Tecarihontie, Gallichwio, TÕgirhonti, sent to you and they and all the brothers send their most cordial greetings and because they loved them dearly, they had wanted to show their love one more time. They told David various things, that they had been given a String of Wampum as a sign of brotherhood by Brother Tgirhonty, Tecariontie, and Gallichwio and they had given them a fathom of Wampum to take to the Council at Onondago, which was to say as much that the brothers should visit the Five Nations next spring. They were struck with gratitude and friendship and said that we should greet their brothers TÕgirhonty, Tecarihonie, Gallichwio and Anuntsche for them and say many ÒNiawoÓ in their names, which we promised to do and also told them that Brother Ganosseracheri and Rachwistoni were thinking of leaving tomorrow to see their brothers and they wanted to pass on their greetings at this time. They discoursed at length with Ganosseracheri and when they were done they pressed his hand surprisingly and said he should do the same, and to kiss and embrace Brothers TÕgirhihontie, Tecarihontie, and Gallichwio and Annuntschike also. Ganosseracheri said yes, that will most definitely happen and our brothers would be very hapy about this. [Break from August 1749-January 1750Ñwhy?] January 1750 On the 8th o.s. Brother David arrived in Shamokin again and met with Brother Anton and Marx, who had been looking out for the brothers for a while, healthy and content. It was very quiet and lonely here because no-one was home of our neighbors except the Delaware. On the 15th a trader came here from Thomas and lodged the night with u. On the 19th David was unlucky and scalded his leg with a kettle of boiling water. On the 22nd ThachnocktorisÕ wife123 came to our house in the evening and said she had left him because they no longer thought as one. She complained that she had frozen both her feet before last night she had lain in the bush and could not make a fire because it was already so late. We had to let her into the house to sleep. O the 23rd we told JohnÕs wife (ThachnocktorisÕ) that she should go over to the Delawares and lodge there because it was not seemly that she stay in our house. Whe the smtihÕs wife was here than it would be more appropriate. She said however that she did not want to go to the Delawares because they were a bad peple. Rather she got her things together and went to Sgochari. We gave her matches. Shawonogarati came here from John and lodged overnight. On the 25th we sent Brother Marx to Tulpehocken because DavidÕs leg began to get really bad and we did not know what to do and we had no medicin for it, in the hope of meeting Brother Rauch along the way. On the 29th Brother Marx came back from Tulpehocken and had met Borther Rauch at Peter KuchernÕs who snet us a good plaster. On the 30th the Cayuga, Hahotschaunquas, came from JohnÕs hunting cabin here with his wife and child. They would have liked to see us allow them to stay in our house but we showed them to the Big house and gave them something so that they could cook for themselves. He said to us that John had gone up to Sgochari and would soon be here. On the 1st of February a trader came here from Thomas and stayed with us overnight. On the 2nd John arrived here from Sgochari and brought his wife back with him. On the 3rd John and the Cayuga visited us. John complained that everything in his house had been burned, boads and everything. Who had done it? We said to him, te Indains who were here a while and who travelled through. Delaware and Shawnee and Tutelos had stayed in there and because they had no wood at night to they had burned the boards and also the planks form our fence occasionally. On the 5th John visited us and discourse at length with David. He also said to him that Shawonogarati had said that David had said another man had gone with his wife to Sgochari. David said that was not true, as there were no Indians here when she left. At this, John said that he had often found that Shawonogarati told many lies. David asked him also whether his wife had not said anything to him of us? He said, yes, we had told her she should go to the Delaware, it was not seemly that she lodge here with us because we are all men and the smithÕs wife was not here. David told him that we allowed her to spend one night here because she had come late and because her feet were almost frozen because she could not make fire. He seemed quite satisfied with this and was very relieved. On the 8th February John and the Cayuga travelled to ThomasÕ. John said that he had head that Thomas had beaten his wife and needed to go to see whether this was true. A Delaware from Jacob VorsingerÕs circle came by here in the evening and stayed with us overnight. He is a good man and very friendly towards us, he loves us. One should visit the people sometime, they live on the flats this side of the Long Island in the West Branch. On the 10th we had a peaceful and contented Sabbath. We were quite alone. On the 11th one of ThomasÕ servants arrived here and brought a letter from Thomas to Brother Anton to fetch the things of a trader which he had left in our house and had gone to Tulpehocken and Thomas demanded in the letter that Anton should send a list of the things because he thought that he had gone through them. However, Anton answered him through the man that he could send him a bill because he did not understand the things but rather he preferred it this way. On the 17th February we had a quite blessed Sabbath and in the evening a sweet Meal of the Lamb (Communion) with each other. We felt as though the Savior was among us with his bloody little Side Wound and we were quite content together. On the 18th four traders arrived here and lodged with the Delaware and got into an argument with each other. Three of them came to our door in the night as we were already sleeping and asked that we allow them to come in and sleep the night in our house. They could not stay together. We allowed them to spend the night here then. One of them was the one for whom the things were being fetched and came from Tulpehocken. Before this he had lived in Lancaster and had heard Brother Nyberg preach. He told us he had been with one of our brothers, Robert Ehrs, on the Swatara, and praised him greatly. Brought us some tobacco from him. He said he had read the Greenland Diary at his house.124 On the 24th February John Petty returned home from the hunt with his whole family. He visited us soon and asked how much he owed us, he wanted to pay. We then told him and he complained bitterly that the previous smith, Andreas Bez had written more on his bill than he remembered having asked to be done. He knew what he owed Brother Anton, but the other smith had lied. David spoke to him very earnestly and said he knew very well that the other smith had not lied and he knew well enough that we were not that kind of people who would try to deceive him, to try to get many skins off him, but rather that we loved them and really tried to help them. But in return they should really try to deal with us honestly and not blame us like this. But in the future we would act accordingly and not lend him anything. Other Indians paid right away when they had work done, but because thet were our neighbors and brothers we had until now given them credit until they could pay. It had been an old debt, perhaps he had forgotten it. At this he said that he wanted to pay everything. It might be the case that he had forgotten something. He didnÕt know that Andres had done something for him. God knew it, he wanted to pay so that he could be at peace with his conscience. David told him that he could well believe that the other smith had not deceived him because he was our brother and we all knew him very well and we knew very well that our brothers did not lie. Yes, he said, he knew very well that we did not deceive, we were too good a people to do this, he had probably forgotten something. David said to him that we anted to keep things with him in the future so, that we would write him a bill when they had something done and they would have to hold on to it and when they paid it then they needed to find it again. Yes, he said, that would be good if we did it like that and so he was quite happy again. ON the 25th Shamokin became quite tumultuous again and everyone began to drink whatever was there. That was something quite new to us because this winter we had seen hardly any drunken Indians rather they were so quiet here like we had never experienced, but now the whisky would find its way in again. On the 26th February in the morning, John Petty came into our house half drunk and complained again about the smith, that is about Andres, that he had tricked him so. David said to him that he did not want to talk to him about it now but rather save it for another time and let him leave again. David travelled up the river to Nescopeck to visit the Indians there. On the 29th he came home again and had met up with the old Nutimes and to of is sons in Nescopeck who had welcomed him very cordially. David gave them greetings from the our brethren, especially from Brother CAmmerhof, who had visited them this winter and told them that he had been in Bethlehem seven weeks ago and that there he had seen old NutimesÕ sister.125 She had been very ill and had a great desire to be baptized in the SaviorÕs blood126 before she died. She had asked the brothers that she should drip with the blood and Brother CAmmerhof had then baptized her [Rahel.] David said he wold have liked to come to visit them long ago and would have brought the news to them but when he got to Shamokin he had burned his leg and had not been able to walk. Now it was quite healed, but not completely, and so he had set off on his trip again. There were several other Indians there who were very friendly and the house was full almost the whole time, because he was there. On the way he also visited Labach Peter and had slept for two nights in his hunting lodge and he had welcomed him cordially and had hosted him well. He also had had the opportunity to talk to him about the Savior. He is a very wise man and cares for us greatly. On the 3rd March we had a contented Sabbath. We were almost alone in Shamokin. On the 5th everyone fell to drinking again and in the evening there was a huge tumult among the Indians because they were beating their wives so that they had to endure [it] (?) Another HUGE gap March 1750-April 1753 why? Shamokin 1753 Diarist Brother Grube On the 14th April Brother Grube, Christ and Kotus van der Merck arrived from Bethlehem with the Daily Text ÒDeine Kleider riechen, Sie kamen aus der AtmosphŠre des Grabes Christ Her.Ò (Check the LosungenÑask Paul). The brothers in Shamokin were very happy about their arrival as they were a little non-lussed about several circumstances. That evening we were very blessed together. Our neighbors, the Indians, were very loud and quite drunk. On the 15th April we rested and Brother Grube told the other brothers news about the Gemeine. In the evening we held a little Singstunde about the sufferings of Jesus. On the 16th April, after the morning blessing, all the brothers werent about their work. Brother Pfeister began the masonry work on the chimney in our house. Brother Grube stayed at home and cooked. At noon he invited Captain Logan and his brother John Shikellamy to speak to him about the new fence that Brother Joseph had promised to have made for him a year ago. Brother TÕgirhihontie was now travelling over the big water to Brother Johannes and the other brothers.127 Bother Tecarekondie had returned from Greenland, etc. In the matter of the fence, we thought to take care of it in the following manner, because we did not have time to build a completely new one, that is, we wanted to take the best planks from their and our old fence and then erect a new fence with them, that would be just as good as a new one. He said the same thing to them about the [original damaged] that means that we would soon leave. We had in mind to destroy it completely because we needed a lot of it in our new house and we also did not like to see other people living in it. They were both satisfied with my proposition. Logan said he would move away from here a few miles up the West Branch. John however would stay here and build a little Store house next to our new house ( this will probably not happen because John has taken a Shawnee wife and will live not far from Logan).128 In th evening John showed the Brothers the piece of land that was supposed to be fenced in. On the 17th April in the night the Indians began to drink again. We were quite disturbed in our sleep. On the 18th April the business continued. But we did not allow ourselves to be disturbed but rather in the morning and evening held our opportunities and were especially happy about the beautiful words of the Savior, Òwhosoever eats this breadÓ129 and held the hope that we too would soon enjoy this. On the 19th April on Maundy Thursday in the morning things were still rather noisy because of the drunks. At midday we held a little Quarter of an Hour meeting. Brother Grube told the other brothers that we would celebrate communon today. In the evening the Indians became quite quiet and we held our communion serice peacefully, and during it read the sermons that the Savior had held to his disciples on his Passion. After that we held another Quarter of an Hour service and a pedelavium and after that the [original damaged] and our bloody lamb pervaded us in our very souls [original damaged] martyr body and blood and so we went [original damaged]. On the 20th April on Good Friday we sang [original damaged] verses on the Passion and thanked him from our hearts that he spilled his blood for us poor little sinners on the Cross. In the evening three warriors from the Oneida country arrived to have their weapons made here. But we said to them that we were not working tomorrow or the next day because we had two great feast days and had to speak to our God. They were very understanding. On the 21st on the Great Sabbath we were quite still and thought a great deal of JesusÕ body in the tomb. The warriors came to visit us. I asked them if they knew Ononseracheri.130 They said yes and were very friendly. Friedrich from GnadenhŸtten is staying around here also for a few days but did not come to see us. In the evening we had a Singstunde and after that we went to rest. On the 22nd April, before dawn, we visited our departed Brther HagenÕs grave, sat ourselves down at it and sang a few verses. In the evening we read an Easter sermon and held an Evening Hour. On the 23rd April very early after the morning blessing Brothers Grube, Kobas, and Marx Kiefer went in the canoe to the mill to fetch provisions. Grube and Marx were going along for the first time. Today we went over 50 miles and stayed the night in the shelter of a thick tree, we were happy and thankful to the Savior, that he had gracefully protected us this day. On the 24th we travelled another 16 miles and arrived at 9.30am at the place. We took the wagon from Quittopohille 131 [original damaged] We could not continue and as soon as we were at the mill a terrible North West storm arose. Our little ship was in quite a lot of danger because of the wave because we could not quite haul it up onto land. In the evening Brother Xanter arrived with the provisions but we could not load them because of the storm which lasted throught the night. We could also not keep a fire and had to sleep with each other on the wagon but could hardly stand the cold. On the 25th the storm continued. We made a little mound with the wagonÕs cover behind which we could load the flour into the barrels. As we were done Brother Xanter left again and we gave him two packs of skins for Bethlehem. An hour later the storm quietened down a little and we began to travel but immediately had a navigate a very dangerous drop but came through safely. We thanked the Savior fort his because meany people have already been unlucky there. For about 20 miles we had very strong currents. In the evening we lodged on an island opposite where white people live. On the 26th we woke up early and after we had travelled several miles we caught a good wind. We profited by raising our sail which consisted of a blanket. It went well. We passed another dangerous drop (where David and Martin had been shipwrecked). We tied a long rope to the canoe and one of us pulled on that and the others worked the paddles and so we got up them safely. Our sail pulled as good as a man and it turned out that we covered 70 miles against the current in a day and a half. But we got quite weak from this. In the evening around 9 oÕclock we arrived safely in Shamokin. We found everyone drunk, but we were able to bring our things quite quietly to the house and were glad to be with our dear hearts who were still at home. They told us how badly the Indians had behaved during our absence and that they had allowed the brothers no rest day or night and that they had killed almost all our chickens and eaten them. On the 27th Spril our dear hearts David and Henrich Frey arrived from Bethlehem. The Indians started to drink again. On the 28th things were still very tumultuous. Several Indians came to visit David and welcomed him, espeically the two young warriors, one of whom was an Oneida Chief, whom David knew well and had been there when they had wnted to allow the brothers to travel through their lands. He was very pleased to see David here. In the evening David held the Singstunde. On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday the brothers made a canoe. On the 3rd May the dear hearts David and Henrich Frey left here for Onondago. We supplied them with provisions and after weh ad kissed them cordially they left with their new little ship. Brother Grube accompanied them for a few miles and at his departure they let off a few shots for joy. We would have loved to go with them to Wyoming. But it could not be right now. On the 7th Brothers Pfeifer, Schwarz and Kobas left here for Bethlehem. They took some skins with them. We also gave them reports to take with them. This week the new fence for the Indians was finished. On the 11th May we started to plant Indian corn. But it goes very badly as the the ground has to be broken up first with the hoe. An Indian began to build our coal shop. On the 19th May we celebrated a blessed communion and beforehand had a thorough [Bande] On the 20th May we were quite blessed in JesusÕ wounds. On the 21st May 11 canes full of Indians arrived here. They had lived for a while on the Juniata and actually came from Monocasy in Maryland132, and are called Conoy Indians. 133 They speak most like the Nanticoke, they can also speak good English and they want to settle in this area. On the 25th May we were finished with planting Indian corn. On the 29th we began to move into our new house. We transported most of our things with the skid there. On the 1st June we were finished. We also left hardly a nail int he old house, took everything that we could loosen. In time we will also take off the roof. Everything went well and without hindrance. The day before everyone was drunk. On the 2nd June we held our first Sabbath in the new house. Had a contented Love Feast and dedicated our new little Saal and thanked the Savior for this dear little place. Brother Grube composed a little hymn for the occasion. On the 4th June (1753) Brother Grube travelled to Quenischachachque134 Brother GrubeÕs little Travel Diary to Quenischachachque After I had taken my leave from the Brothers I travelled with our canoe up the West Branch. About 4 miles from here I visited Captain LoganÕs new place. But he was not at home. I mile further on I visited a Shawnee hut. There were many people there, also John ShikellamyÕs wife who had planted here. I did not stay there for long but rather continued my travels. It was quite tough. There came then a great thunderstorm and I got very wet. In the evening I was very tired and as I was looking around for a place to put up my tent I heard Indians calling out on the other side of the river. I answered them, and as I went on shore to make a fire they came over to me and one of them called out ÒBrother, Brother!Ó. And this was our Christian Renatus135 who had been out hunting with another Indian. He said, ÒBrother! I am happy to see you visiting! I thought of you already today, whether or not you would soon come to visit me, and as I saw your canoe from afar so I thought right away, that is the Brother from Shamokin. Come a little further with us to a better spot and then letÕs stay together!Ó I travelled a little further from there with them and we found a good little spot for our night camp and I had a very good opportunity to tell them something of the Savior and we were quite contented together. They gave me some bear meat to eat and I gave them some bread and so I slept very well with my dear Indians. On the 5th June [1753] I rose early and departed. The Indians soon followed me. I had a hard job getting up the falls and I had to drag the canoe several times. At noon I waited for Christian Renatus and as I was sitting on the bank and eating something, an Indian approached me from the other bank and asked where I wanted to go and, when I told him, he told me that he did not advise it as it was impossible to get up there alone, as there were many falls and very fast water the whole way up, and when Christian Renatus came to me, he told me the same thing. I therefore resolved to leave my canoe with the Indian and to continue my journey on foot. It was about 10 miles this side of Ostonwakin. I then continued my journey that was mostly on the right hand side of the West Branch, and as I got to Ostonwakin I relaxed on the spot where earlier the Indian Town had stood, and I refreshed myself with strawberries, and thought a great deal about our dear Disciple and his dear travel company that pitched their tents here ten years ago.136 It is a pleasant area but now no-one lives here any more. Now I could easily bathe in the Ostonwakin, the last time however it was up to my armpits and the current was very strong. In the afternoon, around 5 oÕclock, I arrived at the first little town on this side of Quenischachachque, where the deceased Madame MontourÕs daughter Margaret and her family live.137 She is a very rich woman, has 30 horses, several cows, and 40 pigs. This year she planted 8 acres of Indian corn. I [manuscript corrupt]É The old woman cried and complained to me about her son and her daughters husband who were shot last year in the war. The latter was shot by a Maqua by mistake as he wanted to take an enemy prisoner who however ran away from him and as he wanted to capture him, the Maqua shot and hit them both so that they both died soon after. In the evening I heard a great wailing and crying in the hut due to the murdered warriors. The old woman and her daughter were both wearing mourning clothes, brown and black. On the 6th of June I went to Quenischachachque and as I came into the town an Indian by the name of Thomas Freeman came up to me and said immediately ÒWelcome Brother! I know who you must be and I want to take you inot the LodgeÓ and so he took me to James DavidÕs house where Christian Renatus lodged, who also came out to meet me and was very pleased. Soon several Indians arrived and asked whether this was the Brother about whom they had heard so much and they were very friendly towards me. Then I was treated to bear meat. Thomas Freeman said, Òthe reason they wanted to see and speak to a Brother was that there were various Indians here who really wanted to know the way to blessedness and wanted to hear something about the Savior. Then they took me into his house and told me much about his life story. I went back into my lodgeings and had to lie down because I did not feel well. [manuscript corrupt]É In the evening I had a contented conversation with my host, to whom I praised the love of the Savior to us men and what He did for us on the cross, He wanted to make the poor Indians happy etc. I also read him some verses in Delaware and the people in the hut were all attentive. This morning I saw about 20 warriors arrive who were travelling home again through the great WŸste (wastes). They had a boy and a girl with them as prisoners, the mother had been cohappirt because of them. But they could not stay here because last winter almost all the corn had been eaten by a great number of warriors and the people are badly dispositioned because of the many warriors who always pass through here. Many have not a single grain of corn to eat and have to fetch flour from Tulpehocken more than 100 miles awar and the old and weak have to suffer much hunger. On the 7th of June the Chief of the town visited me, Christian RenatusÕ eldest brother. After this I went to Thomas Freeman and had the opportunity to tell him something about our reason for being here, and why we love the Indians so much and wish from our hearts that they might get to know their bloody God on a Cross also. He cried at this and said, ÒI am already baptized by the Church of England in Maryland but my heart still knows no peace.Ó I spoke a little more with him and then returned home. In the evening I visited a sick man and spoke to him about the Savior, during which an old man with 2 children from Allegheny came to us in the house and many Indians gathered around him to hear news about the French movements there. I went into the bush for a while and was blessed and happy. On the 8th June most of the Indians gathered in the old governorÕs house and called me to them. As I got there I felt in my spirit that the enemy wanted to play some. The old man began and asked why I had come here. He did not want to hear anything about our journey. He had heard that we had transported many Indians onto an island and he had still more wondrous things to say. When he had finished I answered him and said, ÒMy friend! I did not come here for myself, rather several Indians desired that I come and visit them. Your very own brother Brother Christian Renatus had desired this (who was there and said yes). Our method is to say nothing of our way to anyone who does not feel a desire in his heart and wants to go there too. I was therefore quite surprised that he wanted to forbid me from coming here again, to visit my good friends, and he had no power to do that for most of the Indians were not of his mind. I was pleased however that he had spoken his mind and he would not then mind me speaking mine, as I just had. I intended to leave tomorrow and did not know whether I would ever return here in my life. And so I went back to my lodgings. Soon several of the Indians came to me and were downcast about the old ChiefÕs words and told me that they did not think like him but rather that I should visit them more. Meanwhile I was quiet and happy and spoke some with the Savior. In the evening I visited Thomas Freeman. There were several Indians with him who were very friendly towards me. As I went back to my lodgings, the old Chief was in front of his house and he said, he had nothing against me returning and appeared quite friendly. On the 9th June I made myself ready for the journey and spoke some more with Christian Renatus about his staying on here. I told the other Indians, who wanted to know, that he was going back to GnadenhŸtten. I distributed my remaining rations and this was pleasing to them. I then left and several Indians accompanied me to Thomas Freeman with whom I was suppose fto travel part of the way until I get my canoe. Christian Renatus asked me something and said, ÒHey Brother! Do you still have the paper with you? I have to write a letter to my brothers in GnadenhŸttenÓ and so we walked a way together and he dictated it to me. He also said to me, ÒO Brother! Come back soon to me. I would very much like it.Ó I said, I hope to see you soon at my home, on your way to GnadenhŸtten.Ó My host also asked me to visit him again soon and they took me to Margaret. Thomas Freeman said that we should go a little onto land and say a prayer before we left, and so Margaret called me into her hut as several others had gathered there. Thomas Freeman knelt down and prayed for a quarter of an hour and everyone was very thoughtful during this. The old woman said repeatedly, O Lord, o Lord! We continued on but it began to rain very heavily and so we stayed the night with the Indians where I had left my canoe. We had very little room to lie down. Sunday, the 10th of June I got up early and as I went to the river to leave I found that my canoe had gone. I asked one of the Indians who might have taken it. He said a Shawnee. But I should just go down river a little bit to the Shawnee town and I would find it there. And so I did this and I found it. Then I paddled hard because I really wanted to get home that evening and towards evening I arrived happily in Shamokin again. Brother Marx Kiefer had come to meet me and met me just as I came on land. We rejoiced together as though we had not seen each other for half a year. The brothers told me straight away how the time had been here and that they had been very plagued by the drunken Indians especially two warriors from the Seneca country had behaved very badly. They had broken down the doors to the house and violently wanted to get food, grabbed the brothers by the chest and acted as though they wanted to kill them. The brothers gave them bread and milk but they were not happy with that and one especially acted like Satan. Here patience and love are especially needed. 138 Conrad WeiserÕs four sons had been here during this time but had not come into our house. On the 12th June we began to hoe our Indian corn. Logan, John and a few other Indians went to Tylpehocken to Conrad WeiserÕs to fetch flour. On the 16th we held a blessed communion. On the 17th Brothers Grube and Marx Kiefer visited the Conoy Indians. There were mostly women at home. For the time being there is no work to done with them. On the 18th June and the following days we were busy with hoeing Indian corn. Schumacher Peter who lives 20 miles from here, arrived here safely in the morning on his way to Tulpehocken with another man whose name is Ludwig Maus, and had some work done in the smithy. Schumacher asked me to visit him, and if I wanted to hold a meeting at his place on a Sunday that would be very welcome to him and his neighbors, for they had not heard anything about the Savior for a long time. He said he had a small child that was still unbaptized. I told him I could not promise anything because I was sent here not for the Christians but rather for the heathens, but because the man had so begged me I resolved to visit him on the 23rd after the Sabbath meal. Brother Marx Kiefer accompanied me several miles and as I arrived the people rejoiced greatly and asked me to hold a meeting on Sunday, which I could not refuse. They also lamented the fact that the small child, a few weeks old, was still unbaptized and asked me to baptize it. [on the 21st of June Brother Grube celebrated his 39th birthday with a little love feast] On the 24th [Sunday] I held an Hour for the people from the area who had gathered and also baptized SchumacherÕs little daughter Anna Magdalene and mother and father cried at this. All the people who mostly live by Jacobs Hšhe in the valley (JackÕs Mountain?) asked me to visit them again soon. A few of them have heard our Brothers speak already. I soon got on my way again and climbed the steep mountains and in the evening arrived again in Shamokin. A few minutes later the two Indian brothers Petrus and David arrived who had been hunting and who wanted to visit us about which we were very happy. They stayed the night with us. On the 25th they left again into the bush for there was much drinking here. Brother Grube wrote letters to Bethlehem. The drunken Indians said to Petrus that he should preach to them, but he answered, if you were sober you would not say that. An Indian from Wyoming arrived here in the smithy. He spoke a great deal about the Savior to another Indian. Our two brothers Petrus and David listened and said that the man spoke many truths about the Savior and as we inquired ore closely as to who he was, it turned out that it was the brother of our Nathaniel from Meniowolag.139 A handsome man. He also wants to visit his brother in Meniologameka after the hunt. AntonÕs biological brother was also here, but he soon left after he heard that small pox was here. On the 29th Ludwig from Nescopeck came down here and ordered something in the smithy. He was going to the hunt. On the 30th we had a quiet and blessed Sabbath. On the 1 July we heard that Logan had taken another wife and had left his old one, the Mohican woman. We visited the huts but found no-one home except Schaafman, a good friend of the brothers. [deleted in original] On the 1 July 10 warriors arrived here with 2 scalps. On the 2nd we heard that French Andrew [Montour] had travelled through here on his way to Onondago. We would have liked to write to our dear Brothers there ourselves, but could not as Andrew did not stop by here. These days 5 warriors came down here, one of them was an Onondago, a handsome man, whom Brother Grube gave a letter to our dear David [Zeisberger] and he promised to deliver it properly. ON the 10th 10 warriors arrived here again with 2 scalps. They came to us a lot because they were very hungry. We gave them some food to each according to our ability, and they were very grateful for it. On the 14th July we held a blessed communion. On the 19th Andrew arrived from Onondago by way of Quenischachachki and brought letters from our dear heart, David, about which we were very happy. We would have liked to send them on to Bethlehem immediately but none of us could be missed for so long. Andrew told us that he had made the journey from Onondago to Quenischachachki in five days, but that he had had a good horse. During these days a boy from ShikellamyÕs family died of smallpox. The children here have mostly all had the smallpox and got through it quite well. We tended them with milk and did good things for them. On the 28th we had a contented Sabbath and Herzensbande (covenant?) In the afternoon we went to visit the Indians but did not arrive at the right time, as whisky was then their master. On the 31st July Brother Grube travelled by water to Wyoming and left the two brothers contented and well at home. 1754 Diary from Shamokin (Written by David Kliest) On Friday, January 11 I travelled with Brother Mattheus Otto from the dear and precious congregation in Bethlehem with a true pangs of love and because it was already late we could not make it further than Maguntsche and stayed in the school house with Brother and Sister Neubert, who welcomed us cordially and with love. On Saturday the 12th we left there early and around midday we reached Heidelberg Brother and Sister Wagner welcomed us cordially also, and many of the brethren who live in the countryside did the same who had gathered here for a sermon. After the sermon, we took our leave and travelled from here to George Loesch. Brother Casper Rieth accompanied us for part of the way and after he had got us onto the right path he took his leave amicably and returned home. The dear Brother and Sister Loesch took us in with much love and warmth and we stayed here over night. They provided well for us with food for our impending journey. After we had said goodlbye warmly we departed here on January 14. Dear old Father Loesch accompanied us for 6 miles and then we took our leave and he returned home. On Tuesday, the 15th we arrived in Shamokin and as we came towards our house we heard our Brother Bachhofs voice, which made us very happy that he was still alive. The two dear Brothers, Bachhof and Marx Kiefer were very happy about our arrival and welcomed us warmly. On Wednesday, the 16th we rested a little. Brother Otto sorted out our little house apothecary a little and recommended a medicine for Brother Bachhof which he should continue until his diarrhea was completely cured. After this had happened, Brother Otto and I went to the Susquehanna and visited the Indian huts. We found only two menfolk at home, the others were all womenfolk and children. We also visited the grave of our departed Brother Hagen. After this we returned home again and resolved that Brother Otto and I would leave the next day for Bethlehem. We closed this day with a tender and heartfelt evening blessing and laid ourselves down to rest in the wounds of the Savior. On Thursday, the 17th Brother Bachhof complained that he was experiencing more of his diarrhea and for this reason had not been able to sleep all night, at which we perceived in our hearts that it would be better if Brother Bachhof were to go back to Bethlehem and I stay here. We proposed this to him and it suited him. After we had breakfasted a little, we took heartfelt leave of each other. Brother Marx Kiefer accompanied them and stayed alone at home. I felt in my heart and soul a little downcast that I had to stay here but the dear Savior was tangibly close to my heart and in my spirit I abided much with the Congregation. On Friday, the 18th I had quite a lot of visitors from the various womenfolk and children, for whom I had to partly sharpen their axes and who also wanted something to eat. This evening my dear Marx Kiefer returning from accompanying [the others] and brought with him heartfelt greetings from Bothers Bachhof and Otto. I was happy that he was here again. On the Sabbath, the 19th we celebrated a dear and peaceful Sabbath. At noon we had a Love Feast and I spoke some about the blessed path of the Congregation and what the Savior had done for his people and what I I had felt and known in my heart during the short time of my visit, which does not allow me to express in words very easily. After the evening blessing we laid ourselves down to rest in the wounds of our Husband. On Sunday, the 20th we visited the Indians in their huts. We were also visited by two white people. They live only 6 miles away from here on the other side of the Susquehanna, by George Gabriel who is a trader.140 They brought some work for me. One of them, a tailor, N. Ostermann, said that he had also been acquainted with Brethren in Switzerland in Bern and after this he had visited Herrnhaag. That was in the year 1742.141 However, he had not received permission to stay there and blamed his bad conduct for being sent away. After that he had got married and has been in the country for five, but moved up here only recently. We closed the day with an evening blessing and laid ourselves down to sleep, content. On Monday, the 21st we were most overjoyed with the arrival of our dear Brother David [Zeisberger] who brought with him both in letters and words beautiful and happy news from the dear Congregation. Brother David also told us that on the way here he had learned that the dear hearts Gottlob [Hoffmann] and Nathaniel had returned from their trip to North Carolina safe and well, which was very dear to us to hear and we thanked the lamb for this. Our dear heart David also worked very hard as he had found our house still so unfinished, he did what he could. He laid a beautiful strong floor in our house for which he made the boards himself and we helped as we could. Overall he was able to help us with advice and deeds more than we had thought possible. He also held a beautiful Singing Hour and evening blessing for us. In all these opportunities the Lamb felt close to our hearts. During this time we also had the Cup of Thanksgiving. On February the 17th we enjoyed the Body and Blood of the Martyr at which we were unspeakably happy. On the 18th we were a little sad because our dear heart David, who had been a blessing to us until now travelled to the Synod. 142 We asked for the Congregation to think of us in support of our bloody husband. In the month of March Indians came to us now and again asking for me to fix their flints[locks]. Otherwise nothing special happened. On Monday the 1st of April we heartily rejoiced at the arrival of our dear Brother David and Brother Ortlieb. They were most welcome. Our hearts were also gladdened by the nice news that they brought with them from the congregation both in letters and orally. [Inserted marginalia: on the 2nd of April 2 of old ShikellamyÕs sons, John and John Betty, moved 30 miles away from here]143 During this week, our dear heart David held many nice little Singing Hours and Evening blessings. The Lamb was among us. On the Sabbath, the 6th, we held a Lovefeast, during which Brother David told us something of our dear brothers and sisters in the Gemein. This made us fell contented. On Sunday the 7th we held a quite blessed Communion. Everything around us was quite still. As though we were in the midst of the Gemeine. On Monday the 8th in the morning our dear heart David prepared himself to leave. Beforehand we held a little farewell lovefeast and then we took a heartfelt leave of him, gave him some little letters and through these tried to emind the brothers and sisters to think of us. This so-called Passion Week (Marterwoche) was an especially blessed week to us because the ÒPassion of the Lamb is a great joy to us, His Crown of Thorns and Scourge a Balsam to our souls, our soul is well in itself when we think of him and he should plunge us into His Side Hole.Ó (this is a hymn from the Herrnhuter GesangbuchÉ find the English) On the Sabbath, the 13th, we spent the day in a blessed meditation on the Body of Jesus in the grave. We held at midday and in the evening a singing hour and an evening blessing. On Thursday, the 18th, the chief Shawnee from the Great Island was here and brought me some work.144 He was happy to have found me here. He recognized me straight away because I had repaired a gun for him 2 years ago in Bethlehem. (this might be a way to identify him). He also asked about Brother Albrecht who had stocked his gun 2 years ago to his complete satisfaction. ÊHe would have liked to have talked much more with me, but could speak no English. But I could feel what was in his mind and heart, that we held us dear. His wife was also well-mannered. On the Sabbath, the 20th, a gunsmith arrived here from Lancaster and stayed with us overnight. His name was Billy Henry145. He has often gone to the meetings of the Brethren in Lancaster. He went from here on the 21st to Thomas McKee. Today we were also visited by our neighbors who live by the trader, Georg Gabriel.146 He himself was also here and brought some work and then he complained that we came to visit him so little. He said that he held the Brethren dear and wished that we would come to visit him more often on Sundays. For his part, he was trying to build a closer connection with us and he has many people at his house and it would be good if we would come occasionally and see how it went with them and sometimes hold an exhortation. He asked very seriously that I should inform the Brethren in Bethlehem that they should also take care of him, because he lived not only for the temporal things of the world but also for the things of his heart. I told him that this was good. I would report this to the Brthren and because we were here we wanted to come and visit him as much as the time and circumstances allowed. But to preach to people or to hold an exhortation to those who are comfortable in their condition was not our way of doing things. If we were to come to them and find someone there who yearned in their soul to get to know his God and Creator, then it would be a joy to our heart to speak to such souls. ÒAs the Lamb bled for us É.Ó HYMN Today Mr Conrad Weiser arrived here and stayed with the Indians in the town. On Monday, the 22nd he visited us and was very friendly. We offered him our house as a lodging and told him he was welcome here. But he replied that he was not able to be welcome, because whenever he was here the house was always full of Indians and therefore neither we nor he would have any peace. We asked him to tell us whether we could serve him in any way. We wanted to do as much as we could from the bottom of our hearts. He said he would do so. Today, Leonhardt, the Indian from Nescopeck was here who had lived with the Brethren before now.147 He was very drunk, identified himself right away, and asked for Brother Grube. He said he was going to war with the Catawbas. I could not speak with him very much as he was not in possession of much reason. We gave him some food and let him go on his way. The above mentioned gunsmith from Lancaster returned today (William Henry) with a Jew by the name of Joseph Meuer and stayed overnight with us. The Jew is a silversmith.148 On the 23rd they travelled from here to Wyoming. On the 27th they returned and stayed with us overnight. They also brought some pieces of hard coal (anthracite) with them, which they had broken off from the cliffs above the Susquehanna and also two pieces of ore, which they wanted to test out at their furnace. They told us that the Indians in Wyoming had told them that they had had the ore tested in Bethlehem and that brass (Messing) had been made of it. I said that I did not believe that was true. Furthermore they said that they had heard from several people that we were melting down a lot of ore here and were becoming very rich from it. He had now discovered that people had been lying to him because he could see for himself that we didnÕt have the slightest means to do this, and no smelting oven. On Sunday, the 28th in the morning they left here and Mr. Conrad Weiser, who had stayed in Shamokin for a whole week and who had visited us almost every day and had shown himself to be very friendly towards us, came to visit us and say goodbye again. We closed the day with an evening blessing. On Friday 3rd May the old Mohican, Blackfish, brought us two heartwarming letters from Bethlehem from our dear hearts David and Christian Seidel, which told us of the arrival of the dear and beloved brothers and sisters from Europe on the Irene and about their almost unheard of speedy and safe passage across the ocean.149 We rejoiced and thanked the Little Lamb for everything that he does for his people and the Gemeine. We desired that we would soon see Brother Joseph and the dear hearts who had accompanied him in the flesh so that we could greet them and welcome them cordially, in the meantime we would do this in spirit. We closed this day with a small service of song and evening blessing and also took part in the festival of thanks that was being held in Bethlehem and Nazareth and thanked the Lamb in our poverty as well as we could. We felt the LambÕs closeness in our hearts and so we laid ourselves down to rest. On the Sabbath, May 4th, at midday we celebrated a Love Feast and were in our hearts much occupied with the Gemeine. After this we visited the Indian huts, but found few at home, We stayed a while in the hut of Logan Shikellamy. He was friendly and asked whether Ganuntschacharei150 would soon return here.We said that we did not know. He has sent us a letter yesterday with Blackfish in which he reported that he was well and healthy and that our dear TÕgirhitonti had arrived safely in Bethlehem from over the water with some Brothers and Sisters. Logan and his wife were very happy to hear this. Furthermore they asked how TÕgirhitontiÕs wife was doing. We told them that she was no longer here but rather up with our dear God, at which they were surprised and looked very sad. They also asked about Joseph Powell and his wife and Sister Hagen. We gave them news of each person. Logan told us that they were thinking of leaving tomorrow with his brother John to Onondago, to speak the words that Mr. Conrad Weiser and entrusted with him to the Six Nations.151 He was thinking of returning in two months. They would be travelling with the Six Nation via Albany to Philadelphia first, where he was hoping to see dear Brother TÕgirhotonti, which he was looking forward to. We closed this day with a little Singing Hour and an Evening Blessing. Sunday May 5th Today Brother Kliest152 wanted to visit, as requested, George Gabriel (who lives on the other side of the Susquehanna 6 miles from here) and the people who live by him, but could not get over the river because the wind was so strong that they could not hear his calls153, therefore went home again without accomplishing this task. We were all busy this week with planting Indian corn and lots of other things. Not many Indians came, just those who needed something. We were at peace and our Lamb of God was in our midst. Sabbath, 11th May we held a Lovefeast and thought a great deal about the dear Gemeine in Bethlehem on this day with an evening blessing. Sunday, the 12th we were visited by various Indians. We were at peace and closed this day with a little Hour of Song and an evening blessing. Not many Indians came here this week so we used our time to chop wood, in part for charcoal and in part as firewood. We chopped the wood in the proximity of our house so that it would become a little more airy. It is necessary. Until now we have been much inconvenienced by the mosquitoes and sand flies. On the Sabbath, the 18th, we held a Love Fest and closed the day with an Evening Blessing and laid ourselves down to rest in peace. On Sunday the 19th we visited the Indians in their huts but did not find many at home. In the evening we held a Singing Hour and Evening Blessing during which we were quite content. This week we built two bridges over the ditch, which is close to our house and also had various visits from Indians. In our hearts we dwelt much with thoughts of the dear Gemeine and often looked out for the Brethren who were supposed to be coming to relieve us. On June 11th, we had the great pleasure of seeing and heartily welcoming our dear and long awaited Brethren, namely Brother Boehme and Brother and Sister Anton Schmidt and Lambert Garrison.154 At the same time we received many cordial letters from the Congregation of the Lamb which awakened in our hearts a special feeling of love and the desire now grew ever greater to see the dear Brothers and Sisters I the Gemeine in person and to greet them and kiss them. Brother Boehmer and the Schmidts told us many things and we shared in our hearts in all that the Lamb had done for his people and Gemeine. On the Sabbath, the 15th, Brother Boehmer conducted a sweet Love Feast for us and regaled us with more stories from the Gemeine at which we felt well contented. After the Love feast I went out to look for our horses, that the Brothers and Sisters had brought, but could not find them. We thought that they had probably started to make their way back. Therefore I went as far as the shoemaker, by the name of Peter GlŸck who lived 15 miles away from Shamokin and where the path passes by. I asked if they had noticed anything of the horses but they said no. Because it e=would now soon be night I stayed at their insistence overnight . They were very friendly and cordial and offered me quite a few opportunities to speak to them about the love of the Savior for sinners and I felt contented in their home. They also asked many questions about Brother Grube who had baptized a child for them a year ago, which is a great blessing to them, and also told me that he had held a meeting for them and had spoken about the text, ÒSurely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows: yet we did esteem him stricken, smitten of God, and afflicted.Ó(Isaiah 53:4 KJV)155 which had made such an impression on them and their neighbors that they would never forget it. They would have liked to seen me hold a meeting for them in the morning but because I do not have orders from the Gemeine to do so I excused myself with the promise that they were thought of by the Gemeine and that Brother Boehmer who had been sent to us by the dear Gemeine and who now lived in Shamokin would come and visit them as soon as he had time and speak to them about the Savior. They looked forward to this very much.156 On Sunday the 16th in the morning I said my heartfelt farewell and returned home. I arrived only towards evening as I had left the path and had gone far into the bush to see if I could find the horses somewhere and had almost lost my way in the bush. The Brothers and Sisters were therefore even more overjoyed to see me again. Today Brothers Schmidt, Lambert Garrison and Marx Kiefer travelled with the canoe down the Susquehanna to fetch provisions. After and evening blessing we laid ourselves down to sleep content. On Monday the 17th Brothers Behmer and Ortlieb went to our old place and carried the stones from the old chimney to the blessed Brother HagenÕs grave and made a fence with them around he grave and finished the job in one day. (Inserted in margin: Our horses returned of their own accord today). On Wednesday the 19th the above named brothers returned with provisions. To our joy they were healthy and well. We held a blessed Singing Hour and evening blessing. On the 20th the brothers travelled with the canoe down the Susquehanna again to fetch boards for our house at the sawmill.157 Shortly after that it began to rain very heavily and continued to do so the rest of the day. We could not leave the house. We held a blessed Love Feast for the Sabbath and our little Lamb of God was among us and we closed the day with a sweet singing hour and evening blessing. On the 24th the water rose a lot. On the 25th the water came into our house about 4 feet high and we had to come in and out with the canoe. Towards evening we thought that if the water continued to rise we should move to the hills. We noticed however that it had crested and so we recommended ourselves to the wounds of the Savior and laid ourselves down to sleep. On the 26th the water fell as quickly as it had risen on the day before. It had caused us some damage in our house and fields but we had particular cause to thank our dear Savior for his gracious protection in our ark. On the 27th we were busy drying out our house and nailing down our floorboards that had been raised by the flood and looking for our horses which had run away again. But we did not find them. We closed this day with an evening blessing. On Friday the 28th in the morning we prepared ourselves to leavef or Bethlehem. We held one more sweet Love Feast on our departure and after this we took heartfelt leave of each other and in fact not without a little tear, because it was painful for those brothers and sisters who had to stay, especially for Brother Boehmer who was not yet used to the solitary lifestyle. He accompanied us for a little as did Brother Anton Schmidt, then we exchanged a kiss and they returned. At midday we arrived at Schumchers. They welcomed us very lovingly, gave us some food to eat and told us that whenever we came by this way we should stop to speak with them and that we should cordially greet the brothers and sisters in the Gemeine from them and recommend them to their prayers and whenever toher Brothers and Sisters came by this way who had never been there before we should tell them not just to pass by for they would love to see anyone of our people. And if they could not show much love to us so they would do it in their hearts. We thanked them for their love and took a heartfelt farewell. We continued on to Ludwigs-Ruh and wanted to stay there but found little firewood and so continued on to the ThŸrnstein where we found wood and so made ourselves a good fire and laid down to sleep. On the Sabbath, the 29th, we set out on our way again in the morning and towards evening arrived at our dear Brother and Sister LoeschÕs who were very happy to see us and welcomed us lovingly. Soon after the dear Brother and Sister Neisser arrived from Bethlehem and stayed with us overnight and told us many blessed news from the Gemeine. On Sunday the 30th Brother and Sister Neisser continued on to Lebanon and with them for the sermon Father Lšsch, Kliest and Marx Kieffer. In the evening we returned again with the beloved Father Lšsch and laid ourselves down to sleep. On Monday July 1 we took our leave in the morning and went on to Heidelberg wgere we met Brother and Sister Wagner healthy and well. They refreshed us with some food and after this we took our leave and made our way to Papsts plantation where we stayed the night.158 On Tuesday, July 2nd we left here and in the evening arrived in our dear Bethlehem. We thanked the Lamb for his gracious protection and company to this point and gave ourselves over to the care of the holy Gemeine like the poorest and neediest children. Shamokin Diarists Heinrich Frey and Gottlieb Roesch [1754] On December 19th over the noon hour we (Henry Frey and Gottf. Roesch) began our journey to Wyoming after a heartfelt farewell from GnadenhŸtten. Brothers Fabricius and Weha accompanied us to the top of the Spitzberg and from there they turned around, and because they had carried our bundles until then we were especially aware of their love for us. Soon after this an Indian from GnadenhŸtten met us (he said he was the husband of our Mariane who now lives in Wymoming. We heard later that that was true although he was separated from her again). He went with us until the watchpoint where he made his way to Nescopeck. He behaved with great friendliness towards us. On the 20th we made good night quarters with a large fire as it was so cold, just as we did yesterday evening in Johannes Ruh.159 On the 21st towards sundown we arrived in Wyoming on the Susquehanna, which was flowing fast with ice. After calling loudly for a canoe to cross seom boys and an Indian woman finally came to the edge of the water, but the latter let us know that we could nor be ferried across because of the strong ice flow.Then Brother Heinrich called out once again that we came from GnadenhŸtten. At that she gave us a friendly signal, ran off and said that she would send someone right away who would get us across, and thereupon Joachim, AbrahamÕs son appeared , making his way over to us very painstakingly through the ice chunks and fetched us and brought us to his fatherÕs house where we were welcome in a very friendly fashion, also by the old Maria, who Brother Grube had baptized there, who along with others joined us quickly and appeared quite happy and cheerful. From among the menfolk in Wyoming there was no-one else at home but Abraham and Joachim for we had come upon some Delaware huts already where there were only womenfolk at home. The aforementioned Indian woman, who had come to the Susquehanna and had arranged our crossing, as we later heard, was the wife of our dear old Paxinous.160 It was very cold in the night, so that when we laid down by a pretty big fire we still froze and so it was for our host Abraham thoughout the whole night. And because Abraham can speak good German and at this moment was quite cheerful and awake, we were able to converse well with Abraham and we had a very nice night in Wyoming. Abraham told us that it would be his wish that a Brother would live in Wyoming. It would be a blessing for the whole area. He assured us though that the Shawnee and especially PaxinousÕ household loved us dearly. There were also a few Delaware places that longed for something and that ekpt themselves orderly and loved us too. Also the Minisink town, where Brothers Grube and Rundt had been, still felt that they were looking for something for their hearts.161 Etc. Things were not going well at a few other Delaware villages, especially where Gideon was living.162 AbrahamÕs little son Isaac, who had been very ill for a time, was really cheerful and when Brother Ršsler gave them greetings from Beother Eeber in Bethlehem, he said himself that he would like to dictate a little letter for him and Brother Ršsler wrote it as was dictated to us. He asked whether the little Negro boy Daniel were still living in the BoysÕ Anstalt, he wanted to greet him especially. Brother Abraham asked us where Brother Post might be. And as we answered his question he said of his own accord that he wanted to dictate a letter to him before we leave, which he also did on the 22nd when Brother Ršsler wrote it word for word as Abraham said it in Mohican and Joachim then in German. And because we saw that we had achieved what we had wanted to in Wyoming so we started our journey back today. As we left we reminded them of the impending birthday of our dear Savior, who had already done so much for their hearts, that they should in turn make use of this for the good of their hearts. (Brother Abraham had asked us soon after our arrival, when Christmas Day was.) They gave us various greetings to convey to Bethlehem and GnadenhŸtten and so we went our way, quite content and comforted from the various blessed conversations about Wyoming and the whole affair of the Savior with the poor Indian people in this area and slept this night in Wambhallopank.163 On the 23rd we arrived in Nescopeck and visited with Nutimes where no-one but the Paten (Godfather) Nutimes was at home, who was very friendly, and at our request was quite willing to take us over the Susquehanna. As we arrived that evening at the old Solomon164 it was good that we had crossed at Nescopeck because if we had gone down the river on this side we would not have reached them because now in winter he lives a little away from the river in the bush and would not have heard us call (for a canoe). He welcomed us at our arrival and professed that he would very much like it if we would come to his house. We had walked in the rain today. He and his wife and Johannes, the grandson were alone at home. But it was not as comfortable for us here as it had been in Wyoming. On the 24th we set off on our way to Shamokin again. At our departure he said that his heart was often in Bethlehem and GnadenhŸtten and he also sent greetings along with us. What we heard and felt there once again gave us cause for many conversations about the business with the Indians along the Susquehanna, at which we were content. By the evening we had come to about 20 miles above Shamokin not far from Labach Peter,165 where after we had climbed our ways through two big creeks we made our night camp under the stars and celebrated the blessed night of the birth of our Creator and Savior. Around midnight it started to rain and so we had to make a tent out of our blanket and sit under it, so then sleep was not permitted. But we were quite content and spent this night in quite blessed meditation, were with the Gemeine in our hearts and the night had soon passed before we knew it. On the 25th December towards evening we arrived in Shamokin on Christmas Day quite happy at our dear Brothers and SistersÕ who had gone out to look for our arrival almost every hour. We rejoiced on both sides. And we thanked the Savior from our hearts that He had allowed this journey to end happily through the good works of his angels and his nearness. Diary of Shamokin in the month of April 1755 {Diarist Ršsler] Tuesday, April 1 After Brothers Boehner and Anton Schmidt left here for Bethlehem yesterday, Brothers Gattermeyer and Ršsler, who are to be occupied here with Brother Weha, began to settle into their affairs. We still had our dear Brother Christian Seidel and Heinrich Frey with us who were however preparing for a journey tomorrow. The former held a short sermon and Evening Blessing for us on the Daily Text of the Savior: Ò Seelig sind, die izt glaubenÓ166 On Wednesday, April 2 Brother Christian Seidel conducted the morning blessing for us and after breakfast he departed from here with Henrich Frey and the Indian Brother Joseph. Brothers Ršsler and Weha accompanied them for part of the way and carried their bundles for them. In the afternoon it rained very heavily and because it had rained the whole of the previous night, we thought of our pilgrims a great deal especially as to how they would cross the big creeks. In the evening, as it was still raining heavily, a family of Delaware came from the West Branch who asked us for night lodging. We gave them permission and they were quite orderly and grateful and we three Brothers laid ourselves down to rest quite content after our evening blessing. On Thursday, April 3 we had another Delaware Indian to take in, along with a white man from Thomas McKeeÕs people, who came from the Allegheny.167 They were both very modest and wanted to acknowledge clearly everything they had enjoyed from us. Finally he said that he had often thought of visiting Bethlehem. On Friday, April 4 we were quite alone and content in our household. In the evening around our fire we held beautiful discourses of the heart and closed the day with a blessed liturgy from the hymn ÒO Haupt voll Blut und WundenÉÓ168 On the Sabbath, April 5th towards midday we held out Sabbath Love Feast. We had all kinds of visits today from Delaware Indians, who were either travelling through or else were hungry and looking for food. We fed the latter according to our means. On Sunday April 6th over breakfast we discussed how we wanted to celebrate our Sabbath Sunday. Right after this we prayed the Gemein-Litaney during which we felt especially close to the Savior at the verse ÒMein GOtt, du siehst sie wieder..Ó Around midday, French Margaret169 stopped in with several of her people and ordered something from me in the smithy and then she continued on her way.In the afternoon we delighted collectively in the first homily of the Litany of the Wounds.170 Monday, April 7th. Today we were able to work in our garden for the first time and sowed all kinds of seeds. Not far from our house an Indian woman had camped with a few barrels of rum. That did not bode well for us , especially as an increasing number of Indians gathered and then see, in the afternoon, what we had predicted, began. There was quite a hubbub around our house And their comings and goings at our house made us quite uneasy. On Tuesday, April 8 the noise that had begun yesterday and that had continued through the night went on. In the evening, several came into our house, one of whom made a lot of noise and in his madness thought that he knew how to speak about Jesus in the thinking of the Dunkers and Herrnhuters. Later, he was taken back to his wife by another Indian who had sobered up a little and then we could sleep that night quite peacefully. On Wednesday, April 9 Today, on my 45th birthday, which I celebrated by myself at my work, in the blessed closeness of the Savior , it was quiet around the house again. We were visited by several Indians who were travelling by. An old Indian also came to me who lives about 5 miles from here on the other side of the Susquehanna. He complained to us that he otherwise lived in Jersey with BrainerdÕs people171 but had been forcibly taken away from there by his son and that he was very anxious here. He stayed the night with us and we were quite comfortable with him. We told him something of the Savior and about GnadenhŸtten, about which he knew a little. After a singing hour, during which we cleaved ourselves anew to the wounds of the Savior with a few verses and celebrated Br. RšslerÕs birthday, we laid ourselves down to sleep quite content. On Thursday, April 10 in the morning we prepared a love feast for ourselves as much as in commemoration of Brother RšslerÕs birthday yesterday as for the description today of our dear Lord: An air of the heathen: Shamokin is surely a Heiden Pa§. There is no-one now living here, one gets to see so few Indians here that I had not imagined this. After a blessed little singing hour that Brother Gattermeyer held we laid ourselves down contentedly to sleep. On Friday, April 11th we were once again visited by all kinds of Indians. Brother Weha visited the Delaware who had recently behaved so badly in his drunkenness and he had visited here again afterwards, and was quite withdrawn and when he was drunk again did not behave the way he had the first time. He can also speak some German. Brother Gattermeyer, who is beginning to learn some Delaware, used him for this purpose. ON the Sabbath, April 12, we held our Sabbath love feast at noon with lovely heartfelt conversations, and immediately afterwards a blessed liturgy from the Pleurody.172 We were ignored by the Indians who lived around us, and quite undisturbed during this. Towards evening Petrus HŸk, the shoemaker arrived with his son and brought us 4 bushels of maize flour. It was just at the right time as our maize had just run out and one of us would have had to go. On Sunday, April 13 we held an opportunity, because we had our friends with us, to speak about our good shephard who gave his life for us and his martyrdom. The shoemaker told us afterwards that considering the sermon he was no longer in agreement with his neighbors. A Lutheran pastor had been there several times already. They wanted to build a church and considered him to be a Nerrnhuter (Moravian). He assured us of his love even though he knew that he was not like us. Soon after this the Indians began to drink again and because there was one among them who had something against the showmaker we made sure that he left with his son because they soon would have found him in our house. Now our Sunday was at an end as they made a terrible noise which continued on throughout the night. Monday, April 14 Today we had a difficult day as our house was constantly surrounded by and full of drunken Indians. At first the men drank alone, after this the women began. Some Maqua arrived as well of whom some immediately started drinking also. It would have been a great comfort to us if we could have gone into the bush, but we had to endure it. One could see so clearly how the poor heathen had been tyrannized by the god they had worshipped until now and how they had benefitted from the white people until now because one could hear, especially from one of them, all the most slovenly words in the German language. In the evening it quietened down. It was as though a powerful storm had passed. We spoke with each other about what had happened and prostrated ourselves before the Savior and laid ourselves down to sleep after a little Singing Hour. Tuesday, April 15 During the past night one could hear screaming now and again. A drunk knocked on our house one time but went on his way again. And thus we had contact from this sort of people the whole day, who were however quite quiet. In the evening a Maqua came with his wife and boy and stayed with us. He has been here many times. They came from Schoharie above Tioga. They are baptized and live on the West Branch. On Wednesday 16th April we had some visits from Indians. The Maqua, who are staying where our old house used to be, were reveling today. We could hear them quite well but were left in peace by them. On Thursday, 17th April French Margaret returned and stopped in at our house at 4.30am. We treated her happily to breakfast with Sapas and milk. They were also very friendly towards us. At midday Labachpeter173 was with us and we talked about our people for a while. Drunken womenfolk of the Maqua came by too but we did not let them into our house and so they went on their way again. Friday, April 18 Today ShikellamyÕs sons arrived and the Delaware who had been around us began to set off for Tulpehocken again. Towards evening we unexpectedly saw our dear Ahamamad174 who had come from our dear Bethlehem and overjoyed us with letters, greetings and other tales from there. He was quite wet from the rain and had gone through some difficultues and loked quite despondent so that we were worried about him. On the Sabbath, the 19th April, we held our Love Feast at midday at which we had our deat Ahamamad who entertained us with discourses and verses with a sabbathlike feeling. Not long after this he went to see white people across the Susquehanna to look for someone who would help him to bring 10 bushels of Indian corn up the Susuquehanna that he had left about 15 miles from here. In the evening he returned and had found someone. On Sunday, 20th April We held contented discourses over breakfast and after this we prayed the GemeinLitaney, during which we felt quite at peace. After lunch Br. Aahammad left here with our canoe to fetch the abovementioned corn. Monday 21st April Today we were busy with our ordinary work in our garden and had to deal with hungry Indians visiting us like every day. On Tuesday April 22 at noon Brother Abramamad arrived with his corn. Because the Susuqeuhanna is high he had exhausted himself and had fallen into the water a few times. On Wednesday 23rd April early Logan and John Shikellamy175 had breakfast with us. Another Indian and his wife, who is the daughter of Paxinos, came as well. Br. Ahamamad gathered all kinds of instruments together to take to Wyoming, and Brother Weha had to do his part in the part. Tonight a few Delaware Indains stayed with us with whom we had all kinds of chance to hold discourses and told them also about the Greenlanders and our stay and purpose there as well.176 On Thursday, April 24 a young Christian man came to us. He was an Englishman. He said, he came from Minisink above Wyoming.177 He was wet and hungry and we could not deny him his request for night quarters. On Friday, the 26th Aprilthe man who will go with our Ahamamad to Wyoming arrived. He lives about 5 miles from here and has travelled the path to Wyoming many times. Today, like many of the days before, we had talk of many hungry Indians here. ON the Sabbath, April 26 early our dear Ahamawad with his helper and our canow set off to Wyoming. We had spent the last week quite contentedly together. Before noon several Delaware Indian families came to speak to us who had come down the West Branch. They had ordered work in the smithy and did not stay long so that we could enjoy our Sabbath tea and sandwiches at noon undisturbed. Right after this we prayed the litany of the Life, Passion and Death of our Lord178 as we had amended ourselves with the help of Br. RšslerÕs new Liturgy book. It tasted very good to us.179 On Sunday 27th April, right after breakfast, we prayed the Gemein-Litany and in the afternoon we delighted in the 2nd and 3rd Homily on the Litany of the Wounds. Yesterday and today we have been mostly alone and have made use of this as much as possible. On Monday, April 29th a Maqua family came down the West Branch. They comported themselves in an orderly manner and were probably baptized. They asked us for something to eat and happily departed. On Wednesday, April 30th a Delaware (who had spent this winter in GnadenhŸtten) and his wife and 2 children stopped by. And after we had them something to eat they continued on their way. After our evening Singing Hour we laid ourselves contentedly down to sleep. May On Thursday May 1 we remembered the great sermon of the Savior on the great Love Feast during breakfast and it gave us cause for blessed meditations. On Friday, May 2 unlike yesterday, which was so good for us, because we had no visitors, today several white and brown people came by to speak with us. Towards evening the man returned from Wyoming who had helped our Ahamamad up the Susquehanna to there. He brought us some news that was not so pleasant for us; nemaly, that a white man with his wife, children, and livestock was there where our old house had stood who also wanted to plant there this spring. After this we heard that it was James Bottles who had started a plantation a short way from here on the other side of the water on Indian land. ShikellamyÕs family did not stand for this and brought him here and wanted to keep him here as we understood it until the 5 Nations arrived here as everyone expected in a few months. On Sunday, May 4th In the morning we prayed the Great Church Litany. In the afternoon James Bottler (who we mentioned the day before yesterday) with his wife and mother-in-law visited us. We were however very casual about this visit, we were quite friendly but did allow ourselves to become engaged with him at all. On Monday, May 5th Brother Ršsler wento to the shoemakerÕs to see if he might be going to Tulpehocken and to visit him as well, as he had wished. Brother Post had not spent the night there. They could not express how they felt as he spoke to them. Eventually we came around to pleasant discourses during which I was able to remind them of the old Lutheran doctrine, ÒBy grace, without our good works, through ChristÕs merits and death alone we are saved.Ó I felt quite at peace at their house. On Tuesday, May 6th I returned home again. Nothing had occurred, other than we had had some requests from hungry Indians. This night we also had to take in two of them. Wednesday, May 7th the Maqua family (mentioned on April 29th) arrived here from Tulpehocken with quite a case of Indian corn and stayed here over night. The husband is called Jonathon and they are all baptized. They comport themselves in a very orderly fashion and show themselves to be friendly. Logan and John asked us for Indian corn plants, which we also granted them. On Thursday May 8th on the remembrance day of the ascension and departure of our Savior from his visible presence in this world we did some good for ourselves with the Te Agnum in the morning and in the afternoon a homily on the Litany of the Wounds. Otherwise we had little visitations other than a member of SchikellamyÕs family once again fetched Indian corn plants from us. On Friday, May 9th we began to plant Indian corn and because Brother Weha had nothing to do in the smithy we managed to get half of it done. On the Sabbath, May 10th we held our Love Feast undisturbed and after the same we delighted in the hymn Ò O Haupt voll Blut und WundenÓ. Towards evening John Petty and others came from ShikellamyÕs relations and a crowd of their children. Those who came to us we fed with sapas and milk. They had also brought rum with them, which one could soon get to hear. We however were left in peace. On Sunday, May 11th we had a visit early in the morning from two drunken men, one of whom was John Petty. We were also hardly alone the whole day. In the evening Schafman came with his family.180 It is now quite lively here as everyone who belongs to ShikellamyÕs family is here and is planting corn. Tonight we had to take in a white man for the night. On Monday, May 12th we finished planting our Indian corn. Schafman visited us. The rejoicing was mutual. He is very easy to love. There were also a few Shawnee there from Wyoming who had business in the smithy. We asked about our Ahamawad but they had nothing more to say to us than that he was busy with planting. More importantly, James Bottler is building himself a house where our old house stood. He has hired several white people to help him. On Tuesday, May 13 Brother Weha set off for Tulpehocken to Brother LoeschÕs house with skins that were still here from Brother AntonÕs time and that we do not know how to preserve because of the storms. He will also fetch some very necessity items for us from there. On Wednesday, May 14 my dear Gattermeyers and I were busy in the garden and received few visitors today. Towards evening Brother Weha returned home. He had left the skins with the Schumachers because he was leaving soon for Tulpehocken and he could take them there. On Thursday, May 15 our house was quite full tonight. There were two white men here who are living with Schumachers and were looking for horses here. In addition our much mentioned Mohawk Jonathon was here. After him came some Delaware who also wanted to stay overnight, but they saw that there was no more room for them. On Friday, May 16th we had to guide some of the Indians who are living around us to planting Indian corn. On the Sabbath, May 17 we felt as always a Sabbath blessing and the proximity of our dear Lord. On Sunday, May 18 as holy Pentecost was a truly blessed day for us. The dear Mother, the Holy Spirit, allowed us to speak with her and feel her and have her in quite a childlike fashion. We felt especially well as we paryed the Church Litany. Weha and I went visiting in the town and Logan, who was the only man we encountered alone at home, was very friendly. In the evening, after a blessed little Singing Hour, as we felt the grace of the day, we laid ourselves down to sleep contented. On Monday, May 19, I travelled to Schumachers with Brother Weha who had several items of business with which I could help him. On Tuesday, May 20 we returned home. Towards evening Caspar Riet, the brother of Sister Anton Schmidt who now lives in the vicinity, came to see us with another man. The former borrowed ? a bushel of Indian corn to plant. Tney slept the night with us. On Thursday, May 22 another member of the aforementioned Mohawk JonathonÕs family slept with us.181 On Friday, May 23 a trader and two Indians who had business in the smithy came by to speak to us. The trader was from Oley. He knew many Brothers and had also gone to school at Brother HusseyÕs.182 The way he told us, he had been very unlucky in his trading. He came from the Allegheny [area] and there the French had taken everything from him. He ate a meal with us at night and then left. ON the Sabbath, May 24, after our Love Feast, we were refreshed by the 7 final words of the Savior with the hymn from the new liturgy; ÒChrist, who makes us blessed.Ó183 On Sunday, May 25 we paryed the Litany in the morning. In the afternoon Brother Weha set off on his way to SchumacherÕs because we had heard that the skins were still lying there and perhaps to take them to Tulpehocken ourselves. On Monday, May 26 my dear Gattermeyer and I celebrated a Love feast on this day to commemorate the birthday of the dearest Disciple and thought of him with tenderly loving hearts. As Brother Weha did not return hommmmmm we concluded that he had gone on to Tulpehocken. On Tuesday May 27 we began to hoe our Indian corn. On Wednesday, May 28 in the morning we remembered that on this day three years ago our dear Christel had gone home and so, at the Collect we asked for eternal communion with him and the whole Congregation in heaven. We also sang in memory of that evening the Song of Songs before we went to sleep. Thursday, May 29 was an extraordinarily hot day which made us very warm as we hoed our Indian corn. On Friday, May 30, as is usual for us every day, we had a great deal of demand from passing Indians; Maquas and Delawares. Today, we had very cool weather again and Brother Ršsler did not feel well. The Sabbath, May 31. During the previous night ithere had been such a hard frost that, not only our beans, cucumbers etc. but also our Indian corn had been ruined and we had to plant everything all over again. The same thing happened to the Indians, and theirs had also got quite tall. For our Sabbath we profited happily from the Collect with the words of the Savior: ÒI sit in eternity at the slits of the woundsÓ.184 Towards evening we heard that Conrad Weiser was lodging in the town with another 10 men and would soon leave here to go to the Great Island to build a fence for the much mentioned Maqua, Jonathon. This evening Brother Weha also came home, which pleased us greatly that we could hear something about our dear hearts across the mountains. Diary of Shamokin, June 1755 On Sunday, June 1 in the morning we held a Liturgy with the paryer to our Father. The rest of the day we spent in rest. On Monday, June 2 we began to replace our frozen Indian corn. After we had planted a part we heard from a white man in our neighborhood who had business in the smithy that it wasnÕt necessary to replant as it would send up new shoots, so we stopped.185 On Tuesday, June 3 towards evening our dear Brother Neusser and old Brother Loesch arrived here from Tulpehocken. Brother Weha had ridden to meet them up to SchumacherÕs. This visit, with the lovely letters and news from our dear Brothers and Sisters in Bethlehem and with the possibility of Holy Communion was cause for not a little rejoicing. After a short evening Blessing that Brother Neusser held for us, we laid ourselves down to rest contentedly. On Wedensday, June 4 after breakfast Brother Neusser went to our departed Br. HagenÕs grave to which Br. Ršsler took them. In the afternoon he held a very pleasing Congregation Day (Gemeintag) during which we rejoiced at the news of the foundation of the JŸngerhaus near Nazareth, and the summary of the conference that was held there.186 Towards evening, we had a blessed Love Feast and Absolutionnn and not long after our dear bloody Husband fed and watered us sacramentally with his holy martyrÕs body and blood and did many great things for us poor sinners. Halleluja! On Thursday, June 5 soon after breakfast, after Brother Neusser had held a farewell Quarter of an Hour service in the blessed afterglow of what we had enjoyed yesterday, he set off on his way again with his companion Father Loesch and was accompanied on horseback by Brother Ršsler to the Kšnigsberg, ten miles from here.187 Conrad Weiser had returned with his company from Ostonwakin and had not needed to make the intended fence because he had only found one Indian family there, which was thinking of leaving there soon for Tulpehocken.188 On Friday, June 6 as we all three were working in our Indian corn, Conrad Weiser visited us and acted in a very friendly fashion and because he invited us to visit him in return, in the evening Brothers Gattermeyer and Weha went to them at which opportunity he told them that he was hard at work measuring the Shamokin land , which at Brother LudwigÕs visit (ZinzendorfÕs) had been as good as his, but it had not been the times then that there were now.189 On Saturday, July 7th we were able to still feel what we had enjoyed this last week during our Sabbath celebration as we also had in previous days during our joint singing of the verses. In the afternoon, Logan came to us and wanted to tell us what was happening with the land. He wished that David [Zeisberger] would come because otherwise we did not understand each other properly.190 On Sunday, June 8th this morning C[onrad] W[eiser]left here again. In the morning we prayed the Gemein-Litaney. On Monday, June 9th the Mohawk, Jonathon was here with his whole family. He is moving from Ostonwakin to Tulpehocken. He brought all his household possessions to our house, also some hens with chicks all of which he left with us, even though we objected strongly. French Margaret was also here. On Tuesday, June 10th we made our first hay. Brother Weha does not have a lot to do in the smithy and recently we have had few visits from Indians. On Friday, June 13th Brother Ahamawad came with Brother Lechti from Wyoming. Brother AhamawadÕs foot was very bad; they were hungry and we had also had nothing to eat but Indian corn for quite a time. Then we decided to slaughter one of our calves, although we had not seen them for a few days and we worried that they had been eaten by others. On Saturday, June 14th we five brothers had a blessed Sabbath Love Feast together. In the evening the shoemaker came and brought us two bushels of maize flour again. On Sunday, June 15th because the shoemaker, Peter GlŸck was here, Brother Post held a sermon on the lost sheep and his son, on the 15th chapterof Luke, where the Gospel was taken from today. On Monday, June 16th in pouring rain French MargaretÕs grandson came, a very attractive man, and stayed the night with us. On Tuesday, June 17th Brother Ahamawad wanted to set off back to Wyoming with Brother Lesslie but because it still looked a lot like rain they stayed here again. On Wednesday, June 18th they began their journey in the morning. Because Brother Ahamawad cannot help Brother Lessly in the canoe up the Susquehanna because his foot is still bad, Brother Weha went along with them to help. On Friday, June 20th today, like yesterday, Brother Gatternmeyer and I were busy making hay, because Brother Lesslie had mown the meadow by our cornfield for us. On the Sabbath, June 21st we were visited in the morning by a few hungry Delaware Indians. It was quite Sabbath-like for us the whole day. On Sunday, June 22nd we prayed the Gemeinlitaney during which we felt quite content. In the afternoon two white men came by to speak to us; one of them was English and the other was North German with several Mohawk Indians. They were ordered to buy all kinds of things for the English army in the Allegheny. The Englishman appeared to be a very nice man. He told us that he had seen Brothers David [Zeisberger] and Christian Friedrich way upstream on the Susquehanna River, and also Brother Ahamawad in Wyoming. We treated them to some milk. Before they left, the afore mentioned Englishman said that if he could do something in return for the what we had given them, then he would be happy. One could tell that he had already heard much about Bethlehem. On Monday, June 23rd Brother Gattermeyer and I had to make hay as well as perform our other tasks. On Tuesday, June 24th, in the afternoon, as we had carried the last of the hay inside, Brother Weha returned from Wyoming, at which point we discovered that not only had they arrived safely but also that they had seen our dear Christian seidel and David there themselves, whom we should await here in a week. On Wednesday, June 25th we began to hoe our Indian corn all over again. Until now it had appeared that nothing would come of it but now eith the almost daily rain it appears to be coming back. On Thursday, the 26th in the afternoon we were truly overjoyed by the anticipated arrival of the two hearts, Christian Seidel and Davis. On Friday, June 27th it was simply pleasant for us that the dear Seidel and David were here with us. The former told us several things about Bethlehem and other places, which we listened to with heartfelt interest. On Saturday, June 28 their presence made our Sabbath quite precious. During our Love Feast our dear Seidel comforted us with the announcement of Communion during his visit, the news of which had an effect on our hearts. In the evening he held a blessed Quarter of an H191our service for us on the Daily Text with the Collect ÒEr kommt auch noch heuteÓon the now not so seldom visitations of the Saviour, as in the Old Testament. On Sunday, June 29th in the morning we prayed the Gemein-Litaney and spent the rest of the day content. Before the Evening Blessing Brother Seidel spoke more on the Daily Text, ÒDer Hšlle eine PestilenzÓ192 On Monday, June 30 we spent the day hoeing our Indian corn for which he also had the help of our dear Seidel and David. July On Tuesday, July 1 we continued hoeing our Indian corn. We had some requests from Indians. In the evening a few men came who asked for night quarters. One of them had already heard the Moravians preaching in Danesbury193. Before our Evening Blessing the dear heart Seidel spoke a little about the dayÕs description of our beloved. What kind of Husband is that? Briefly: He is the perfect one.194 On Wednesday, July 2 we finished hoeing the Indian corn. Towards evening we made our local Indians a meal of pancakes and Sapan and milk, according to our means. There were eight of them and they were very contented. Our dear David spoke with them during the meal in Mohawk. Tonight the two white men who had slept with us the night before stayed again. According to them they were looking for land around here. On Thursday, July 3 in the morning we prepared a Love Feast because we were done with hoeing the Indian corn. In the afternoon Brothers David and Weha went about 6 miles from here to fetch our canow, which, since Brother AhamamadÕs trip to Wyoming had not been returned by the man who had taken him up there the first time. Brothers Gattermeyer and Ršsler spent the time in heartfelt discourse and discussing other important matter with our dear Seidel while they were gone. This night we were alone, which we also put to good use. On Friday July 4th we were contented in each otherÕs company and nothing further happened. ON The Sabbath, July 5th during our breakfast in the presence of the Savior we held some thorough discussions about the circumstances of our heart. Here each of us testified in a sinnerlike and blessed fashion as to why the Savior had bidden the Moravian Brothers to love one another. After this we spent the day in a sabbathlike fashion and closed it with a blessed Love Feast, pedelavium and above all else blessed enjoyment of the martyrÕs body and blood of our dear Lord. On Sunday, July 6th we held a blessed Litrugy in the morning, remembering the feeling with which we had been blessed yesterday evening. In the evening we were gladdened by todayÕs description of our beloved: Vorfreude Macher, in a sermon that our dear Seidel held on it. On Monday July 7th he spoke in the evening on the Daily Text of the Savior: Lassets beyeinander bis zur Erndte. On Tuesday, July 8th our dear pilgrims prepared themselves for their trip to Wyoming, as they had started to yesterday. In the evening our dear Seidel said a few words about our Beloved according to his description today: ÒDer Trost sprachÉÓ On Wednesday, July 9th after we held a farewell Love Feast our dear Seidel and David left us once again. Brother Weha accompanied them to LabachpitonÕs where he brought our canoe back again. On Thursday. July 10th, in the morning I went to SchumacherÕs because we had no more flour, stayed there for a few hours and returned in the evening. Shortly before me, Brother Weha returned from accompanying the others. On Friday, July 11 nothing else happened, other than we spent the day on the work of our dear Ordinary [Zinzendorf]. On the Sabbath, July 12 the whole day seemed to us quite Sabbath-like. On Sunday, July 13, in the morning we prayed the Gemeinlitaney. In the evening 3 Maqua came to us who stayed the night with us and also made us a present of some deer meat. On Monday, July 14 the Indians who had gone to John HarrisÕ began to come back with the flour that they has received as a present. Also, in the ten days that they were away we had seen hardly any Indians. On Tuesday, July 15 Labachpiton visited us and a few other Delawares, some of whom had business in the smithy. They had also brought rum along which they drank over on the island so that we could hear them but we were left in peace. On Wednesday, July 16 we once again had several visitors. We can clearly tell that that they have flour again. On Thursday. July 17 a few families of Delaware Indians came down the West Branch on their way somewhere else. But because it was so very hot, as it had been for a few days now, they camped from morning till towards evening in front of our house and also came in to talk to us a great deal. They were very well mannered people. On the Sabbath, July 19 we treated ourselves to something quite Sabbath-like. In the afternoon our dear Schafman returned home from John HarrisÕ and soon visited us after his arrival, at which point he received the greetings that had been left for him bu our dear Seidel and David and Brother Gattermeyer read him the short Maqua letter from the same, at which point he was assured in the special love of our lord God who spilt his blood for him and the whole world, to all which he listened with great attention. We spent Sunday, July 20 blessed and undisturbed. ON Monday July 21 Brother Weha went to Schumacher because he had still not brought us any flour. On Tuesday, July 22 we had all kinds of visits from Indians. In the evening Brother Weha returned and brought flour. On Wednesday, July 23 a few Indian women had camped close to our house, who just wanted to ask us for some milk. On Thursday, July 24 the sSchumacher was at our house . He had work to be done in the smithy and he went back home again. On Friday, July 25 Brother Gattermeyer and I spent mounding soil around our Indian corn. On the Sabbath, July 26 very early in the morning our neighbor Dottler came to us and brought us quite frightful news about the war in the Allegheny195 and thought that it was high time to move away from here, and a few hours later another man came who was staying in his house and repeated the same and both became quite incredulous that they could see no fear in us. Why should we be afraid? There really are white people moving away from their places who live close further down on the other side of the Susquehanna. We spent the day undisturbed in inner and outer calm. On Sunday, July 27 we delighted among ourselves in the words from the Litany of the Wounds, ÒMay the sweat from your Passion spill on us over our body and soul!196Ó On Monday, July 28 Brother Weha had thought of leaving here and going to Tulpehocken and on to Bethlehem. But Indians and white people kept coming who had work to do in the smithy. So he delayed it for tomorrow. On Tuesday, July 29 in the morning he left with a few crates of deerskins. Brother Gattermeyer and I are mounding the soil for our Indian corn along with the other work. On Wednesday, July 30 Isaac Nutimes came to stay the night with us with his Negro and three other Indians from Nescopeck.197 Brother Ršsler had seen them all already in GnadenhŸtten. Brother Ršsler took the opportunity to speak with them about GandenhŸtten, but they were not that open to this. Otherwise they were friendly and well-mannered. On Thursday, July 31 Brother Gattermeyer did not feel well (it was the beginning of the fever that he still has). Otherwise we closed this month happy and blessed in proximity with the Martyr Lamb. Diary of Shamokin 1755 August Friday, August 1 TodayÕs description of the Savior: Christ is my life, gave us a blessed impression at the beginning of the month. Otherwise nothing much happened. On Saturday August 2: todayÕs description, ÒMy Savior!Ó was especially tasty to us during our Sabbath celebration. In the evening Brother Weha returned from Tulpehocken. He brought us letters and among other things he also brought the Memorabilia of the months of June and July from our dear Bethlehem, which we read this evening and delighted in. One can hardly describe how good that tastes for someone in Shamokin. On Sunday, August 3 before breaksfast Brother GAttermeyer visited our neighbot Schafman and had the opportunity to say something to him of the blessing that we poor sinners have with the Savior. He was able to have a good talk with him and we believe that the Savior is working also on his heart. We spent the rest of the day happily. On Monday August 4; today we saw clearly that Brother GattermeyerÕs discomfort was due to the fever as it started again from the day before. On Tuesday, August 5th a family of Delaware Indians camped in front of our house. They came from Tulpehocken and had horses laden with maize and Indian con. They were presentable and well-mannered people and because it rained later they brought their things into our house. On Friday, August 8 we had been busy the whole week with mounding soil for our corn and were finished with it today. On Saturday, August 9th tomwards midday, Brother Lessly came to us quite unexpectedly with letters and news from our dear Bethlehem. We immediately enjoyed that which he had brought and Brother Ršsler was immediately invited to the Synod in Warwick. IN the evening we had Schafman for supper with us and that was very nice eating together. On Sunday, August 10 Brothers Ršsler and Lessli set off for Warwick with 2 horses. On Tuesday, August 12 we sowed the seeds for our squash (RŸben). Wednesday, August 13 we spent in quiet. Last Sabbath, during our Love Feast we had thought about what had occurred 28 years ago with blessed memory and we were quite happy afterwards as we heard that on this day on the Sabbath there was the actual celebration in Bethlehem. On Thursday, August 14 tonight the Englishman from Danesbury who had been here last month stayed with us again. According to him he had come to move to a place on the Susquehanna but had found it to be different than he had imagined and now had to sell the harnesses he had brought and so was going home from here via GnadenhŸtten and Nazareth. On Wednesday [sic] August 15 we thought greatly and diligently about our Brothers and Sisters at the Synod in Warwick. On Saturday, August 16 we celebrated a very peaceful Sabbath. Brother Gattermeyer was also quite well today apart from the fever which he has been suffering from quite badly until now. On Sunday, August 17 the Indians buried the remains of the old Conoy Indian by the name of Saeckwho had died in the previous spring near to John HarrisÕ and whose bones they brought here yesterday.198 Because they had also brought rum with them, a terrible noise and clamor soon began which continued for several days and nights as more and more Delaware Indians arrived and are around our house. But they have been quite modest in their behavior towards us. On Thursday, August 21 it began to quieten down again. They wanted to bring the empty barrels of run into our house but we asked them to take them away. Towards evening Brothers Lessly and Ršsler returned from the sybod to our joy, quite wet through from the rain. They immediately delighted us with several letters and regaled us with a few things so that we could participate fully. On Saturday, August 23 our Sabbath and especially our Love Feast was spent mainly with stories about what had happened at the Synod.199 On Sunday, August 24, because Brother Lesslie was thinking of returning to Bethlehem from here tomorrow and Brother Weha had resolved to accompany him to go to celebrate the Single BrothersÕ Festival, they spent the day getting ready for their journey. ON Monday, August 25 they left early and made their way via Nescopeck and GnadenhŸtten. On Wednesday, August 27 in the afternoon an Indian had lain himself down to sleep in front of our house so that in the evening, as we were eating woke him up to ask if we could give him some. We spoke to him, but got no answer. He slept the night in our house and when we woke up he laid himself down again in front of the doorway. Later he left again. ON Thursday, August 28 we were visited by many Indians. On Friday, August 29 to celebrate the Single BrothersÕ Day Brother Ršsler made himself quietly useful. On Saturday, August 30th. The description of the Saviour today: My psalms, O that I had a thousand voices!200 gave use a blessed impression during our Sabbath celebration. Despite the fact that it had not rained here for a while, the Susquehanna river had risen in the night so much that allthe IndiansÕ canoes had floated away. The river rose the whole day. On Sunday, August 31 we read together the homily on the text ÒO ihr heilig 5 Wunden, macht es wie ElijahÓ201 It was a blessed Sunday celebration. In the afternoon Brother Gatetrmeyer went visiting in the town. He had the opportunity to enter into a nice discussion with a Delaware who had recently come from the Allegheny and who appears to be an upstanding man and has visited us several times already. September Monday, the first and the days after this we spent happily in our ordinary work. Friday, September 5 we expected our WehaÕs return from Bethlehem but our hope was for nought. On Saturday, September 6 we held a very peaceful Sabbath. The whole day we did not see a single person. ON Sunday, September 7 to celebrate the Married PersonÕs Choir festival Brother Gattermeyer made himself useful in peaccce and quiet. Brother Ršsler went over to the town to visit Schafman who is helping his cousin, a very nice young Indian, to build a house. He did not meet up with him however; instead, he rejoiced in the very nice behavior of his cousin and the grave of the departed Brother Hagen. On Tuesday, September 9; the bridge close to our house that goes over the ditch to our corn field fell down quite by itself. Because we really need this we worked on this yesterday and today so that we can use it again. On Thursday, September 11 the Mohawk Jonathan arrived here with his family. On Friday, September 12 Brother Gattermeyer had to fix something on the weapon of a warrior who is going to the Allegheny. There were many Indians and White people here for the same reason, the latter had clothes themselves completely as Indians and Andrew Montour was their actual commander, who had quite clearly ordered that the above mentioned flints had to be fixed. If Brother Weha had been here he would probably have given him even more work to do. They did not stay here for long and our John Shikellamy, as also John Petty, also left with them. During their stay here a big black Belt of Wampum from the 6 Nations arrived here which is going to Philadelphia with which they are unanimously letting their intention to fight against the French be known. On Saturday, September 13 we were visited again by more warriors because some had stayed behind. But we were not disturbed in our Sabbath. On Sunday, September 14, because Brother Gattermeyer had to fix something on the above mentioned flints, we were a little disturbed in our Sunday blessings. Towards evening, the wife of the Mohawk Jonathan came and wanted to bring two kegs of rum into our house and because she has all her other things here, she thought she had a right to do this. But she had to take them away again. On Tuesday, September 16 we spent a quiet day at our ordinary work and reminded ourselves of the great work that had been accomplished on this day 14 years ago to our great blessing.202 On Friday, September 19 on these days we received many visits from Indians. We also heard much tumult from the drunken ones but were not inconvenienced at all. On Saturday, September 20 it was quite well with our Sabbath quiet. In the evening our long awaited Brother Weha finally arrived safely after almost 4 weeks absence and the letters he brought with him and the news from our dear Bethlehem made this evening quite a time of childlike rejoicing. On Sunday, September 21 the Indians were celebrating again. We were about to be disturbed but then it all subsided. On Monday, September 22 the Schumacher was at our house and said that he was going to Tulpehocken. In the afternoon, our Schafmann came by and said that he was going to go to Lancaster. We had a quite contented conversation with him , also told him that he would soon d=come here for a visit. He said that he would soon go to Bethlehem. On Wednesday, September 24 two of Conrad WeiserÕs sons slept with us. They were very well mannered and we were also to them. They wanted to visited the Mohawk Jonathan and because he was out on the hunt and they could not find anyone to look for him they set off into the bush themselves to search for him. On Friday, September 26, this morning we had had the first and very strong frost. Because we were expecting the arrival of our dear Brother Seidel, Brother Weha travelled towards him with two horses to the mountain 20 miles away. But he returned alone. On Saturday, September 27 to our joy our dear hearts Christian Seidel arrived in the afternoon with Marcus Kiefer who was to stay here and accompanied by Brother Samuel Herr. Their arrival made our Sabbath quite solemn, which in the morning we had not been able to observe because we constantly had Indians in the house. This evening our dar heart Seidel held a quite blessed Love Feast, Foot washing and Communion, all in the unspeakable proximity of our dear bloody Lord. On Sunday, September 28 we held a liturgy in the morning in the afterglow of yesterdayÕs blessed joy. In the afternoon Brothers Ršsler, Marcus and Samuel Herr went over to the twon and also visited the de[arted brother HagenÕs grave. Few of the Indians are at home. We spent the day contently and Brother Seidel held a quite blessed liturgical Singing Hour at the end of it. Monday, September 29 our dear hearts Seidel and Samuel considered their trip the next day as did also our dear heart Gattermeyer, who for the time being is being relieved by Brother Marcus, prepared to leave with them also. On Tuesday, September 30 after a heartfelt and meaningful morning blessing they departed from us. Brother Marx Kiefer accompanied them part of the way. Brother RšslerÕs account of his and Brother Philip WesaÕs and Marcus KieferÕs final stay in Shamokin and their merciful preservation in the war of the savages against Pennsylvania. In the year 1755. From: Shamokin Diary, mss Moravian Archives, Bethlehem, PA. Translated by Katherine Faull (DRAFTÑnot for citation or circulation) In recent years, Shamokin had no longer been as it was when the Brethren [the Moravians] had first erected the smithy there with the intention of spreading the Gospel among the Indians and had begun to live there. Since the passing of old Shikellamy (a decent man, who loved the people of God and who had visited Bethlehem and at whose invitation the business there had been started) only a few Indians continued to live there, from many Nations like the Macqua, Cayugas, Tutelos, Conoy, Mohicans etc. but mostly bad people who had been ruined by the whites. The place had changed completely, and because so many Indians passed through there, the Brethren had become known to almost all North American Indian nations (as it was an established Station of the Six Nations when they were at war against the Catawbas). But they now had another warpath and one only rarely saw an Indian from far off there, which is the real reason why the living of the Brethren was to be closed and the smithy moved to a spot of land purchased for that purpose between GnadenhŸtten [Lehighton] and Wyoming to fulfill its original object. The way things came to pass though showed us that it pleased our Dear Lord to end our plan there early because of the war with the Indians and to make an end with the smithy and everything we had there, after He had protected us from the murders that had already begun there, his poor children, who lived there at the end, without any fear under His wings of grace and to bring us back to our dear Bethlehem to our people. And to this end, praising the good Lord, a detailed report is given. In the last days of September in the aforementioned year 1755 many Indians who were unknown to us moved here, among them many white people who dressed as Indians. The Delawares, who lived in quite a number in several towns not far from here and who had come to live in peace with the Shamokin natives, now began to move back and forth in and out of the native town. Among them, a rather wealthy Indian had moved here from the Ohio country, after the battle that the English had lost, by the name of George Delaware, and he visited us regularly. We could tell from his behavior towards us that he had become very fond of us, and because his wife fell sick here, and he had a child of about a year and a half who he often brought to us, we had many opportunities to show our friendship to him in many ways, which we did faithfully. On October 11, as I was all alone at home, he came and said that French Indians had been seen and it would be good if we went into the woods and left the house alone this night otherwise we could meet with misfortune. When he had gone, a local Cayuga, well known to us came and asked me to give him some of the food I was cooking, and said that he wanted to help us too, if the French Indians came and wanted to kill us. Although I was not able to take these words very much to heart and considered them to be childish chatter as we were used to from the Indians, I could not remain completely ambivalent, and when my Brothers Wesa and Marx Kiefer came home, I told them what had been said to me. I did not feel like leaving our house. We were strengthened by the words of the Savior for today and tomorrow, and laid ourselves quite confidently down to sleep , ÒÕAnd will God not avenge his elect?Õ God, who has chosen us dearly. He will do this and not hide himself. He counts how often a Christian weeps.Ó Ó [Luke 18:7 KJV] The next morning at dawn there were suddenly many gun shots coming from the Native town, which lay not a short English mile from our house, and which frightened us somewhat. As we were now awake, aforementioned George Delaware came to us and answered the question what kind of shots those were; he said the Indians had been on watch all night because of the French Indians and had let off shots for that reason. We were then much relieved. However, in the ensuing days almost all the Indians from here moved away, and on the 16th we suddenly heard that about an hour from away from us on the other side of the Susquehanna 6 Plantations had been attacked by Indians--31 people, some who had been pitiably murdered and some, especially the children and young women, had been taken away, and only one man, who had been shot several times had escaped from there. We did not only hear about this but also the blood covered murder weapons were brought into our smithy and one of the Tutelo nation, who lived here, had also received a shot in his leg. We began to feel a little scared, but what could we poor children do? John Shikellamy, who was the Chief here in Shamokin along with his brother Logan came and asked whether we were not afraid and wanted to move away. We answered that we were with them and as long as they stayed here we wanted to stay too. At this he said nothing but came to our house often and repeated the same question. In the meantime a quite unknown Indian had taken up lodging with us who spoke no word of English and thus we could not converse with him at all. However, he was a quite young, polite man, as he could see that we did not allow our dogs to stay in the house and so he left his outside too, and did not want to trouble us with anything. We gave him what we had to eat and he did not leave the house for the five days that he was with us, until October 22 when very many Indians from all along the Susquehanna gathered in Shamokin, among them our friend Paxinous and other acquaintances from Wyoming and Nescopeck. As they came into our house, he gathered his things and left us amicably. Who this Indian was, and what his reason was for being with us, one cannot say. We thought quite a bit about him and asked among our local Indians about him but received no real answer. Perhaps he was given to us as a Salve Garde (guardian angel). That the dear Father will know, who has shown us in many ways that He wants to protect us and we could do nothing but to rely on his counsel and support. But we wanted nothing more than to let our dear Brethren in Bethlehem know about our circumstances. In the meanwhile, after the 16th, we had often conferred, and on the 28th October in the evening, as we were quite alone and sitting together by our fire, we talked about what could be done for us in our present circumstances. But nothing could be resolved. Our dear Marcus Kiefer firmly believed that there was no danger for us and that we could be quite calm. Brother Wesa was too anxious; but it was not his fault because in his smithy he got to hear the most and had to work with the murder weapons. And I could say nothing except reassure them that the dear Lord, who had counted the hairs on our heads, would make everything right and allow no harm to come to us and support us at the right time with good counsel and deeds. As we were talking thus, a young English trader came into the house and said that just now a belt of wampum had arrived in this town from the Allegheny Indians with the words, that they were coming with a sharp ax and we should get out of their way otherwise we would be hurt. Once he had left, we decided that one of us would go to Tulpehocken to Brother George Lšsch and then from there go to Bethlehem with the Express to tell them how things looked for us here. Because the others could not leave with a letter, the journey fell to me, and my Brothers helped get me ready for the journey that very evening. As we wanted to sleep rather late to our great comfort we read together the Text (the Losung) for today and tomorrow. 1) From the pages of the book (Old Testament), ÓDeliver me, I pray thee, from the hand of my brother, for I fear himÓ (Genesis 32:11) My God, who has promised me his protection at all times. Jacob remained alone. An angel of God came from heaven: The words of the Savior: ÒThe riches of all the world cannot repair the smallest damage to the soul. Be safe from all harm. Think of LotÕs wife.Ó At this I became thoughtful and said to my Brothers, ÒDear hearts, when you see that it is becoming really dangerous, come after me, because I see nothing here for which we should lose our lives. Above all, the words of the book, and the words of the Savior in the present time are such that it is as though they were spoken for us.Ó On October 24 before dawn I set out, comforted by the notion that I would be back on the 28th! Brother Marcus Kieffer accompanied me a short part of the way and, when we took farewell from each other, we still considered that the mission in Shamokin was not yet over. However, after I had come 15 miles, where the first white people live on this side of the Susquehanna, I found everyone in fear and horror and most of the people already fleeing. For, although the first murders on the 15th had only affected 6 plantations, which stood on Indian land and the people there had been frequently warned, now those who lived on proprietary land in that area had also been told by the Indians that if they did not leave that they would suffer the same fate as the others. I might have wished that my Brothers in Shamokin had known of these circumstances but I could do nothing except continue my journey and on October 25 towards evening arrived safely at Brother and Sister Georg LoeschÕs house. They were exceedingly happy to see one of us, for, having listened to the talk, they had thought that we were already with the Savior. John Shikellamy had told the Brethren today in Shamokin to leave quite clearly, and Brother Wesa had set off to tell me and arrived as at George LoeschÕs house on the 26th just as I was writing, and because he had already resolved to go immediately to Bethlehem, he became the messenger who took the letter there. Our Marcus Kiefer was now still in Shamokin. I could thus do nothing except try to travel there to fetch just him, because we could not even think of saving any of our belongings. So, on the 27th in the morning I set off. Whoever saw me, tried to dissuade me from this trip. Brother John Jorden from Lebanon, who had also spent this night at the LoeschÕs, completely refused to consent to this plan. I assured him however, that I was acting in accordance with my heart, and the dear Savior and angels would be my helpers, and so I set out. Sixty families who were fleeing over the mountains in the greatest poverty and sorrow, met me on the way and told me with one voice that I was running into the arms of murderers and many of them pleaded with me that I should turn around. Most of them knew that there was still one of us in Shamokin and said, God will protect your Brother, without you going to help him. A Baptist, who met me on this side of the ThŸrnstein mountain (PeteÕs mountain) said he had left many things behind but would not turn around; he was thinking of LotÕs wife. At that it occurred to me that I had left Shamokin with exactly these words of the Savior. After this I met only with an English trader, who pleaded with me to turn around with the assurance that if my Brother were still there, then he was out of all danger, but if he had left Shamokin then he had been definitely murdered. (The following day there were people who had gone back to fetch their things and had fallen into the hands of the murderers). As I did not decide to turn back he left me in pity. I continued on only a few miles, and then it occurred to me to ask for counsel from my dear Lord and most loyal friend. The texts for today were Genesis 35:15; ÒAnd Jacob called the name of the place where God spake with him, Bethel.Ó Luke 17:9. ÓWhen you have done everything you were told to do, you should say, 'We are unworthy servants; we have only done our duty.'" Night was about to fall, and I set myself down on the summit of the ThŸrnstein, my dearest heart [Jesus] was unspeakably close to me and answered my question to the Lot, which I posed with the greatest humility, the answer was, that I should turn back, which I then did with a comforted heart and found my quarters in the bush that night with the last family that came over the ThŸrnstein. On the 28th I arrived in Tulpehocken again and found refugees in Brother LoeschÕs house and the whole area was in such a panic as though murder had broken out here and there already. I soon continued my journey and, as night had fallen, I knocked on a strangerÕs door. I was very welcome because I could tell the people that even if there were danger, it was not so near, and they saw it as GodÕs providence that they were able to sleep another night in peace. On the 29th in heavy rain I came over the Heidelberg to Daniel LevantÕs house. There I met Brother Heinrich Frey who had been sent from Bethlehem to meet up with Anton Schmidt somewhere along the way to come to us in Shamokin. Because he heard that Brother Kiefer was still there, he continued on his journey, but it was not possible to get any further through Tulpehocken than to Brother LoeschÕs; from there they turned back again, and on the 30th I arrived happy as a sinner and well at the Brothers and Sisters in Bethlehem with the beautiful words of the Savior ÒOur citizenship, however, is in heaven, (Phillipians 3:20) that is the cause or all the joy of the church. From October 25, Brother Marcus Kiefer was now all alone in Shamokin. Once Brother Wesa had left, he went one time into the Indian town, and there our once familiar Indians appeared quite murderous and he felt very uncomfortable there. Finally everyone moved away so that the town was completely empty. Then he was quite alone and began to pack up what he could of our things with the tools from the smithy and to bury them in the ground. In addition, our dear Schafinam visited him (he was a Conoy to whom the Brethren had given this name because of his sheep-like manner. He had built his house close to ours, had hardly any business with the other Indians, and far less had he become involved in any of the affairs of war with them. He and his wife had come and gone in our house like brethren. We had wished him from our hearts baptism in the death of Jesus for which our Brother Christian Seidel had given permission this past summer. This fall 1755 , as we heard, he departed this life not far from HarrisÕ Ferry . We believe, that because of the way in which he stayed close to us, that he will partake of this even there). He was a great comfort to our Brother Marcus Kiefer and when he finally decided to leave for Bethlehem, this Indian accompanied him to Nescopeck. They found all the Shamokin Indians, and many others besides, and also a beautiful feeling there. Schafinam returned from here to his family and John Shikellamy offered himself to us as company all the way to Bethlehem and they arrived there safely on November 15th, where everyone was very happy to see Brother Marcus Kiefer whom one had not thought to see again. Before his arrival, ways to help him were thought of and in this most dangerous of times Bothers Schmick and Heinrich Frey dared to go to his aid in answer to the call of the Brethren and the Savior to Wyoming to see whether our friend Paxinous there had anyone who would go to him there and he and his people were immediately willing to risk their lives for these brethren and some even set out. The fact that this Brother, M. Kiefer, arrived safely without this service, and the preservation of Brothers Schmick and Henrich Frey on their dangerous journey and also Paxinous and his peopleÕs willingness to help is to be considered as reason to praise the goodness of our dear Lord, who is the light of all things and who can do what He wills for the wellbeing of His children and Jesus in this world. 1 An English version of MackÕs account exists in the Moravian Archives, Bethlehem (Box 28/217/12b/1ÑCheck this). There are many differences between the two accounts, mainly in the choice of details to include and also in stylistic smoothness. The account that exists in MackÕs handwriting is the one that is translated here, as it is the more authentic. A transcription of the English version can be found in Appendix XXX. 2 Andrew Montour, son of Madame Montour. 3 InterestingÑgiven the interdiction on the importation of rum to ShamokinÑaccording to the John H. Carter in ÒThe Shamokin TradersÓ Proceedings of the Northumberland County Historical Society, 1945 (rpt. 1995) pp. 14-15 Allummapees had requested of the Colonial authorities that traders not be allowed to bring large quantities of rum to the Confluence. They agreed, and so only small quantities for personal consumption could be brought up the river. Shikellamy also wanted to make the confluence Òdry.Ó (See also Colonial Records, Vol. III, p. 406, and pp. 501-2.) 4 Find the location from the Mission map along the Tulpehocken Path. Second Mountain is at Lorberry Junction, Swatara Creek. 5 Mahantango MountainÑthat is a long wayÑfind out distanceÉ 6 Bark huts were constructed by the Delaware and the Iroquois from bark from trees in the spring, when the bark was easier to peel off the tree. 7 Shamokin Island, now PackerÕs Island, lies in the North Branch of the Susquehanna River between present-day Sunbury and Northumberland. It is the site of the Shikellamy State Park Marina. According to Teedyusung, this was one of the two sacred places in the province for the Delaware (see Kevin Kenny citationÉ) 8 Madame Montour. 9 An important part of Moravian pastoral care in the towns and in the mission field was the ÒvisitÓ to both those who were already members of the Gemeine, and also to those who were not. As Anna Mack is fluent in Delaware and Mohican (check) it is important she is present on these trips. Also, she would be the one to speak to the women, and not Martin Mack. 10 Presumably this is to the south side of the North Branch, as AnderiusÕ motherÕs hut is on Packer Island (and she is Delaware). Today this is Sunbury. 11 Satan. 12 Who are these? 13 They are coming from the Ohio region É 14 New France in 1740s was almost at its apogee and stretched from the Canadian Great Lakes down to New Orleans through the Midwest. The Cherokees at this time would have been in West Virginia? Ohio? 15 Identify hymn 16 Brainerd 17 Interesting difference in mission work. Moravians work individually. The Presbyterians preach to large groups. 18 Moravian term for church servicesÑGelegenheiten. 19 Spangenberg 20 This in contrast to what Mack writes in his memoir. See intro. 21 The services in Bethlehem 22 AllumapeesÕs (SasoonanÕs) wife? Check where they lived... 23 Allumapees, died 1747 in Shamokin, King of the Delawares, signed away the lands between the Lehigh and Duck creek to the British 24 Òwildes VolkÓÑthe semantic field of ÒwildÓ encompasses wild, savage, close to NatureÉ see the intro to GideonÕs people about the difficulty of translating this term. 25 For the diary of the Shekomeko mission, see GideonÕs People: Being a Chronicle of an American Indian Community in Colonial Connecticut and the Moravian Missionaries who Served There, 2 vols. translated and edited by Corinna Dally-Starna and William Starna (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009). 26 ??? 27 Flatheads are Catawba. Annual war parties go down south to fight them. 28 check the story about Sassoonan and alcoholÉ 29 Bison meatÉ from whereÉ where are the nearest herds??? 30 Iroquois against the Catawbas 31 who? 32 August Gottlieb Spangenberg 33 where? Who? 34 Ostonwakin, today Montoursville. Madame MontourÕs village. Visited by Zinzendorf et al in 1742. Abandoned by late 1740s. 35 Die Briefe schmeckten uns sehr gut. Typical Sifting period vocabulary. 36 Interesting rejection of theology of maybe other missionaries: Presbyterians and Catholics. 37 Moravian Mission village in the Hudson Valley of New York State. The Macks served there as missionaries prior to coming to Shamokin. See, GideonÕs People: trans. And edited by Corinna Dally-Starna and William Starna 2 vols. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2009 38 Today, near Syracuse NY. 39 Is she pregnant? 40 Spangenberg and who? 41 I am following the practice of the Starnas in not translating ÔwildÕ because of the difficulty of finding a non-prejudicial terms in English. See Starna, p. ix. 42 Shamokin Creek 43 On ZinzendorfÕs map this is the first mountain south of Shamokin. On the later 1752 map it is Kšnigsberg. Today it is called ??? 44 reference her from your Moravian WomenÕs MemoirsÉ 45 Locate on missionary mapÉ 46 An Oneida expression of pleasure. 47 The river is that lowÉ 48 Moravians called Saturday, the Sabbath. See Peter Vogt, ÒZinzendorfÕs Theology of the SabbathÓ in The Distinctiveness of Moravian Culture: Essays and Documents in Moravian History in Honor of Vernon H. Nelson on his Seventieth Birthday (Bethlehem, Pa: Moravian Historical Society, 2003), p. 205-232. 49 Interesting custom 50 what might this be? 51 Shawnee and Chickasaw village on the West Branch at the mouth of the Muncy Creek. This was the line that the Five Nations demanded should not be crossed in the land purchases of the 1750s. The White settlers were driven out as this warning was not heeded. See Donehoo, p. 18. 52 Find out who they are.. 53 Is there so little food around in the area that they have to go to Tulpehocken to get provisions? 54 The Gemeintag or Congregation Day was held once a month in all Moravian communities. On this day the whole congregation gathered to hear the reading of the Gemeinnachrichten from around the world. See Paul Peucker, Gemeintag ..definitionÉ 55 Fascinating detail of how Shikellamy learns about the Christian days of the week, and respects their feast day by putting on his ÒSunday bestÓ. 56 Blood letting was a common medical treatment for a variety of illnesses in the 18th century. A surplus of blood was thought to cause fevers, among other things. The Moravians appear to have performed this service for the Indians although this is the first specific mention of this procedure in the Shamokin Diary. In the agreement to the founding of the smithy however, there are explicit instructions not to bleed the Indians. Find the referenceÉ 57 Nice.. they are his barber 58 the arrival of the blacksmithÑAnton Schmidt!! 59 The land around Shamokin was not Proprietary land until the 1754 (east shore) and 1765 (west shore). 60 Who were they? 61 Maybe this passage is referring to the time it took the Colonial government to approve the building of the smithy. It was requested back in 1742 but not approved until 1747 because the Colonial government wanted to ensure that the Five Nations were on the side of the British and not the French. 62 Wonderful example of the polyvalent gendered imagery of the Sifting Period 63 Is this typical? 64 Interesting to note that it is MackÕs wife who is fluent in ShikellamyÕs language and can speak to himÑnot Mack himself! 65 Interesting that he takes food with him. I wonder what they cookedÉ 66 Obviously, the diarist has made a mistake as this is the same as the entry for November 3rd. 67 This was a service for the married people that celebrates their marriage as an image of the covenant Christ has made with his church. See my paper on Moravian marriageÉ could also be the time allotted for married couples to have intercourse with each other. Check with AtwoodÉ 68 Check CammerhofÕs narrativeÉ 69 Hmm--- Calvinist leanings? Are they thinking of themselves as the elect? 70 The Moravians certainly worked a lot with the Mohicans and Frederick Post had married a Mohican woman. Interesting consciousness of the nations both by the Moravians and also by the other Indians at the confluence. 71 InterestingÑthe language ability transcends the gender boundary Ð Anna Mack is able to speak with the Delaware man and can converse with him across gender boundaries. 72 John Logan 73 And where was that? Summer 1747ÑMacksÉ 74 Original is written in English by Brother Powell. I have kept the formatting for nowÉ ? 75 [Spangenberg] TÕghirhodondi 76 Spangenberg 77 Conrad Weiser 78 Allegheny 79 Who is this? 80 Check who these people are in these places!!! 81 Awesome Moravians!!! 82 Quitapahilla, a branch of the Swatara Creek in Lebanon County. This trail between present-day Reading, Tulpehocken and Shamokin was frequently used by Weiser, Cammerhof, and also Shikellamy and Teedyuskung on their way to Councils in Philadelphia. For a detailed description of the trail, see CammerhofÕs Journal of 1748, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, 29 (1905): 160-179. 83 Tachnechdorus, ShikellimyÕs eldest son, 1725?-1780. Also known as Logan. 84 Name given to Br. Cammerhof, meaning Òa good messageÓ on April 15 1748 by the Six Nations at Onondago. 85 The Nanticoke, an Algonquin people came from the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. 86 June 1748 Synod in Bethlehem. 87 Nescopeck on the North Branch of the Susquehanna. 88 InterestingÑcheck on thisÑwho is sending him flour? 89 Spangenberg and Cammerhof 90 jachte=Onondago negative particle; ojaneri=benevolent = ÒTraders are not good menÓ? See Zeisberger, Indian Dictionary. 91 ÒVirginiaÓ was the term used to denote the lands that lay on the west side of the Susquehanna and to the south. Spangenberg was on a missionary trip that took him all the way to what is today North Carolina. 92 Shikellimy is referring to the Single BrethrenÕs House in Bethlehem, which was erected in 1748. 93 Cited in Paul A. W. Wallace, Conrad Weiser: Friend of Colonist and Mohawk, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1945; reprinted Lewisburg, PA: Wennawoods Publishing, 2002), pp. 272?276. James Merrell, in his essay, ÒShickellamy, ÔA Person of Consequence,ÕÓ in Northeastern Indian Lives 16321816, ed. Robert S. Grumet (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), pp. 227? 257, gives a lively portrayal of Shickellamy and draws on the published discussions of his life in Wallace 1945, and also in Edmund de Schweinitz, The Life and Times of David Zeisberger, the Western Pioneer and Apostle to the Indians (Philadephia: J.B. Lippincott, 1870), as well as the relevant parts of the Shamokin Diary manuscript in the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pa. 94 One of many names attributed to Shikellamy, Swatane is an Onondago word, denoting ÒThe Light Bringer.Ó ÒShikellamyÓ is the Shawnee name for him. According to the Moravians he preferred to be called by the former designation, a wish they respected in the Shamokin Diary. See Merrell 1996, p. 253, n. 3. 95 In all likelihood, an infusion of medicinal herbs and plants, very popular among German herbalists, even today. 96 Christ was elected Chief Elder of the Church at the London Synod of 1741. See J.T. and Keith Hamilton, History of the Moravian Church: the Renewed Unitas Fratrum 1722-1957, (Bethlehem, Pa.: Interprovincial Board of Christian Education, 1967), p. 73. 97 A short service of song and prayer with a brief homily, commonly held in Choirs Houses. 98 The diarist (David Zeisberger) uses imagery and vocabulary redolent with the terminology of the Sifting Period, in which the wounds of Christ became an object of particular worship and veneration. See, inter alia, Craig Atwood, Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem (University Park, Pa.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), pp. 77?112. 99 HeimgehenÑto die 100 The name Shikellamy had given to Moravian Bishop Spangeberg on their trip to Onondago, meaning Òa row of treesÓ. See, Edwin MacMinn, On the Frontier with Colonel Antes; Or, The Struggle for Supremacy of the Red and White Races in Pennsylvania, (Camden, NJ: S. Chew, 1900), p. 83. 101 ÒNiˆwoÓÑOnandago word denoting pleasure. See David Zeisberger, Essay of an Onondaga Grammar: Or, A Short Introduction to Learn the Onondaga Al. Maqua Tongue, trans. John Ettwein, (Lippincott, 1888), p. 19. 102 Lapachpiton, Delaware, oldest son of Nutimes, described by Conrad Weiser later as the Chief of the Delaware Indians living near Catawissa. 103 The Holy Spirit 104 Sifting Time vocabularyÉ 105 Direct allusions to the verses in the Litany of the Wounds. 106 ShikellamyÕs grandson (?) 107 a Speaking? 108 Excellent example of using Native people to preach to Native people. 109 Shamokin Creek 110 ground corn--grits 111 Interesting that on Easter morning the Moravians repeat the same act that is being performed all over, that is going to the GOttes Acker (here the site of Brother HagenÕs grave) and celebrating the Resurrection of Christ. 112 Wapwallopen, Luzerne County 113 Bishop Spangenberg. This name Òa row of treesÓ was given to him by Chief Shikellamy on his visit to the Iriquois confederacy in 1745. Spangenberg was adopted into the Clan of the Bear of the Oneidas. 114 David Zeisberger. ÒGanousseracheri, ÒOn the PumpkinÓ was the name given to him when he was adopted into the Turtle Clan of the Onondago, upon his visit with Spangenberg to Onondago in 1745. 115 Oztonwakin, also known as ÒFrench Town,Ó the residence of the famous Madame Montour on the mouth of the Loyalsock Creek, near present day Montoursville, PA. 116 Wahochquage, poss. Oquaga, Ouaquage, Broome Co., N.Y. 117 Check to see of this interdiction is part of the original agreement with Shikellamy or whether it is in the document from Bethlehem that has the rules for the mission at Shamokin. 118 But they haveÉ why is Zeisberger lying? 119 Wonder where this isÉ 120 This reminds me of the passage in BertramÕs travel diary where he makes the mistake of throwing the bones to the dogs and upsets the Indians 121 Interesting to see what the converted Indians had to wear.. (cut their hair, no paint, ) 122 Check Quitapahilla mill --1749? 123 The Mohican? 124 David Cranz, The History of Greenland, London, 1768 2 vols. 125 Who is this? 126 You have a record of this baptism in Geburts und Taufregister fileÉ 127 Check SpangenbergÕs movements in April 1753. 128 I think this is at the mouth of the Chillisquaque Creek, given how Grube describes his trip later on. 129 John 6: 51. 130 CheckÉ 131 Quittapahilla Creek, which flows into the Swatara Creek and then into the Susquehanna south of Harrisburg. Is this the closest mill? 132 Monocasy River, Maryland 133 Conoy Indians 134 On the West Branch near Madame MontourÕs town. John Heckewelder in his Indian Names of Rivers Creeks and other Noted Places in Pennsylvania together with their Meaning (original MS Hist Soc Pa) claims that this is also the Lenape name for the West Branch, meaning the Òriver of long reachesÓ. 135 Who is this? 136 For ZinzendorfÕs account of this trip, see Count Zinzendorf and the Indians 137 French MargaretÕs Town is located at the mouth of Lycoming Creek, where it runs into the West Branch of the Susquehanna River. 138 WowÑwhat a responseÉ. 139 Meniologameka, Indian town in Monroe County, eight miles south of Wind Gap. The Indians were removed from this village in April 1754 to GnadenhŸtten on the Mahony at the request of the white owner of the land, Richard Peters, who wanted the area cleared of Indians (see Donehoo, p. 107). 140 These are the people who are then in the PennÕs Creek massacre. 141 Interesting that he was there at the height of the Sifting Period. Check with Paul what was going on in Hhg at that timeÉ 142 Which one? Lititz synod was later in the yearÉ 143 to where? 144 Who is this? 1754 April 18. 145 William Henry, later member of congress. See Scott Paul Gordon, ÒEntangeld by the World: William Henry of Lancaster and ÒMixedÓ Living in a Moravian Town and Country CongregationÓ, Journal of Moravian History, 8 (2010), 7-52. 146 GabrielÕs mill, near Selinsgrove present day. On PennÕs Creek. Site of massacre. 147 Who is this? 148 Joseph Meuer, known as Meyer. Identified in Gordon (2010), n. 18, p. 14f and in Vivian S. Gerstall, The Silversmiths of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1730-1850 (Lancaster, Pa.: Lancaster County Historical Society, 1972), 85, as quoted in Gordon, p. 15. 149 Many prominent Moravians came to America with the arrival of the Irene in New York on April 15, 1754. Brother Joseph, (Augustus Spangenberg), Bishop David Nitschmann, John Ettwein with his wife Johanette and their child, Christian, the painter Valentin Haidt and his wife Catherine, and David and Regina Heckewelder, parents of John Heckewelder. See Levering, History of Bethlehem, p. 277. 150 David Zeisberger or ÒGanousseracheri, ÒOn the PumpkinÓ was the name given to him when he was adopted into the Turtle Clan of the Onondago, upon his visit with Spangenberg to Onondago in 1745. 151 The words that Conrad Weiser had entrusted to James Logan Shikellamy concerned the purchase of Òthe whole Province.Ó As recorded his letter to Richard Peters, dated May 2, 1754, Weiser describes finding only James Logan, Òthe lame one,Ó at home in Shamokin Òalmost naked,Ó while his brothers were up at Canaseragy (now Muncy on the West Branch) after a falling out over the failed expedition against the Catawba the summer before during which two of ShikellamyÕs grandsons were killed. Going against the advice of ShikellamyÕs daughter and flaunting the peace that had been made between the Iroquois and the Catawba, John Petty, ShikellamyÕs older son had led the young men to their death. Weiser reminds James Logan of this error and warns that he will ensure that ShikellamyÕs family will be left to sit among the Òlice and fleasÓ if they do not help him deliver this message to Onondago. For a full account of the embassy, see Paul Wallace, Conrad Weiser: Friend of Colonist and Mohawk (Lewisburg, Pa.: Wennawoods, 2002), p. 355f. 152 the diarist is referring to himself in the third person 153 Presumably he is calling for a canoe to take over the river. 154 Insert details on theseÉ didnÕt Garrison just arrive on the Irene? 155 FŸrwahr, er trug unsere Krankheit und lud auf sich unsre Schmerzen. Wir aber hielten ihn fŸr den, der geplagt und von Gott geschlagen und gemartert wŠre.Ó (Jesaja 53:4; Luther) 156 Kliest is a blacksmith, and therefore he is not trained to be a preacher. 157 Where? 158 Where is this? Check on the mission map/. 159 Check on map. 160 PaxinosÉ 161 A Minisink town at the end of the Wyoming Valley. See Frederick C. Johnson, Count Zinzendorf and the Moravian and Indian Occupancy of the Wyoming Valley, (PA)., 1742-1763, Proceedings of the Wyoming Historical and Genealogical Society 8 (1904), p. 56. Brothers Grube and Rundt had stopped there in July 1754, where they had participated in a sweat lodge, and had preached in Delaware to the assembled people. 162 Where is this? 163 According to Donehoo, this place, marked on ScullÕs (1759) and EvanÕs (1755) maps as ÒIndian TownÓ marks the spot where the Indian path from the Great Island (Lock Haven) met up with the Indian path heading to Wyoming. (Donehoo, p. 248) 164 who? Where? 165 According to Donehoo, this is site of a former Delaware village near the mouth of the Catawissa Creek on the North Branch of the Susquehanna. Named in honor of the Delaware Chief Lapachpeton, friend to the British. (Donehoo, p. 90) 166 identify 167 InterestingÉ This is where the Western Delaware were gathering (with French) to attack the British troops É 168 Translated as ÒO sacred head, now woundedÓ in English, this German hymn, from a translation of a medieval Latin poem on the wounded body of Christ is one of the staples of the Lutheran hymnal and also the Moravian Song Book. It is most well known for Johann Sebastian BachÕs use of it as a recurrent theme in his St. Matthew Passion. Sung especially on Good Friday throughout the Lutheran (and Moravian) Church. 169 ÒFrench MargaretÓ (either the daughter or niece of Madame Montour) was a well known visitor to the Moravians. In 1753, Brother Grube had visited her village on the West Branch (see aboveÉ) which was at the mouth of the Lycoming Creek. When Grube visited she was in deep mourning for the death of her son and nephew in the failed skirmish against the Catawba, that Conrad Weiser referred to (see above n.???) 170 The Litany of the Wounds, composed in 1742É finish footnote.. what is the frist Homily? Check your articleÉ 171 Presbyterian minister Brainerd. 172 Litany of the WoundsÉ 173 Lapachpiton, Delaware, oldest son of Nutimes. 174 Who is this? 175 ShikellamyÕs two sons 176 Moravians had had a mission in Greenland since 1733. Their work there was later famously described by David Cranz, Historie von Gršnland enthaltend die Beschreibung des Landes und der Einwohner etc. insbesondere die Geschichte der dortigen Mission der Evangelischen BrŸder zu Neu Herrnhut und Lichtenfels, 1763 (2. Auflage. Barby: Ehlers, 1770). This is a fascinating example of the intercultural communication fostered by the Moravians: here is a German telling the Delaware Indians about the landscape and peoples of Greenland in 1755 in North America. 177 According to Donehoo, (p. 109) at this point in the 18th century, Minisink referred to the ÒForks of the SusquehannaÓ where the Lackawanna Creek enters the North Branch of the Susquehanna. 178 This is the Litany that replaced the Litany of the Wounds in 1755. It focused more on ChristÕs life than on his Passion. 179 This new Litany was designed to curb the excessive blood and wounds language of the Sifting Period. However, its effect on the diarist appears to have been quite strong. 180 Schafman is described in the diary as a Conoy Indian who llived in the vicinity of Shamokin. He is very sympathetic to the Moravians and is crucial to their escape after the PennÕs Creek massacre. 181 Jonthon, or Gayienquiligoa, had two sons, Jonathan and Philip. At the request of Tachnechdorus, ShikellamyÕs son, they went to Philadephia to be taught to read and write at the Academy. This would make them some of the earliest pupils of what was to become the University of Pennsylvania. See Paul Wallace, Conrad WeiserÉ p. 380. 182 Robert Hussey was from Wiltshire, England. He was a teacher at the Moravian School in Oley, Pennsylvania and was married to Martha Hussey. See her memoir in Moravian WomenÕs Memoirs. 183 ÊThe Passion hymn is ÒChristus, der uns selig machtÓ (M. Weisse, 1531), a German translation of the 14th c. Latin hymnÊÒPatris Sapientia,ÓÊfor the Canonical Hours of Good Friday. J.S. BachÕs Chorale Prelude on this hymn, BWV 620. WHAT IS THE NEW LITURGY????? 184 ÒIch bleib ewig sitzen an den Wunden ritzen,Ó is a line from a hymn by N.L. von Zinzendorf. In Londoner Gesangbuch, 1754, no. 640. 185 If the growing point is below the soil then the corn plant can recover from a frost. However, if it has turned brown then the plant is dead. See Penn State Cooperative Extension website, http://www.extension.org/pages/14045/cool-temperatures-and-frost-effects-on-corn. 186 On May 3, 1755 the cornerstone of Nazareth Hall was laid, which was to become the Boys School. 187 Today, Line Mountain. 188 For an account of these travels from WeiserÕs point of view, see Paul Wallace, Conrad Weiser: Friend of Colonist and Mohawk, pp. 379-381. According to Weiser, French Margaret had left her town for Virginia and her son Nicholas had gone to Ohio, to scout the amassing French troops. 189 In 1739 the Five Nations had supposedly granted Weiser many lands around the Confluence but the Proprieteries would not let him have it. Local oral history has it that Shikellamy gace Weiser the Isle of Que after they had both dreamed. See Charles Fisher Snyder, ÒConrad Weiser in the Susquehanna ValleyÓ, Proceedings of the Northumberland County Historical Society, vol. vi (1934), pp. 5-72. [insert 1739 map from the Moravian Archives hereÉ] 190 Inserted in margin: isnÕt he supposed to travel this way? 191 The collect is taken from the Lutheran hymn, ÒGottes Sohn ist kommenÓ by Johann Roh, 1544. 192 Part of J.S. BachÕs Cantata for Quasimodogeniti BWV 67 -Ê"Halt im GedŠchtnis Jesum Christ" 193 Today. East Stroudsburg, Pa on the Pennsylvania/New Jersey border. 194 ÒWas ist das vor ein Mann? Kurz: Er ist es gar.Ó This is typical of the kinds of devotional sayings that would be copied onto cards for private prayer and also used as decoration in the Saal. 195 The neighbor is referring to BraddockÕs defeat on July 19, 1755 on the Monogahela River. 196 Dein Schwei§ im Bu§kampf, dŸnst uns Ÿber Leib und Seel, verse from the Litany of the Wounds, Herrnhuter Gesamgbuch, 12. Anhang. 197 Isaac is the son of King Nutimes of the Delaware, who is reported to have had three Africans living with him. See transactions of the Moravian Hisotrucal Society, vol. 1 p. 266. 198 The custom of reburying the bones of the dead in a new place of residence is attributed to the Nanticoke Indians with whom the Conoy joined in the contact period on the Delmarva peninsula. 199 In 1755 August 12-18 the Sixteenth Provincial Synod convened at Warwick, Bishop Spangenberg was President and Bishops Boehler and Hehl both being members. The project of founding a third exclusive Moravian settlement in Pennsylvania was announced. Warwick, which had been begun February 9 1749 was to be the place and Litiz the name, after the old Barony in Bohemia. See Edmund de Schweinitz, The Moravian manual: containing an account of the Moravian church, or Unitas Fratrum, p. 180. 200 O da§ ich 1000 Zungen hŠtte! Text written by Johanned Mentzer (1658 -1734), friend of Zinzendorf. 201 Litany of the Wounds, 202 Sept. 16, 1741 Jesus Christ was recognized as Chief Elder of the Moravian Church. 55